العودة إلى تفاصيل المؤلَّف حول العدالة الاجتماعية وسياسات الإنفاق العام في دول الثورات العربية

حول العدالة الاجتماعية وسياسات الإنفاق العام في دول الثورات العربية

*zæv{ìÐTÚRoÎNÎ<|ÐÛÐT™œzö ïÐT{ïGgÐ?ŒØíéÐTšÚÐÓÐT^|<go9ɍ÷Pfm Kmêö=c—öXmImT—p<ŒÐTšÚÐÓ 9G—g‰ÙTˆº=e]|ÐTÚRoÎN GgmGmÓÎh`mç ò ÐTšÚÐÓÐT^|<go<É`fmG^gðmhœ=iGg~Ìh]do@bŠØwda|ÐIgoÅ<d^eÎhYmÊ XjG–mÓGgmGgo=^zØwoíXmw^eÙTˆTb`mÊÒÐBjG–mÓÐøR™ZmØwo í=aFÖ ÐTÚRoÌëI—g^oĵzö ïɍ÷ãÎh`mçKmêöX°ýdoT\d@mÓÐTšÚÐÓ9ĵag‡KzÐTo Ð?™5Kgo=™dšö‰9Acö?^—oÐBjG–mÓÐTzíTgoÐBmhœoTc^ëÐT™edïºS5wdšöcfm =edï?zwz96méɍ÷ãGgmGmÓÐüh`mçÐT^mêö ÉezíçÐTeazÐTzí;ºX‹Qb| ò KCÐT|PŠX‹í?ØÐTYÐvzÐT™\—gagoÐT™=“xh›mKoGgmGmÓÐüh`mçÐT^mêö ÐT™Ûw^go9ĵag‡ÐT^zÐToÐø?™5Kgo ívHÐvz=–™^|“fmÐTÚRoºÐT™=^|ß mh™mýr=\—gagohm+oK‹@›ŠÐT\—aoÐTG\9KgöeoØíéÐTšÚÐÓÐT^|<goº Ìw[ð í=“xÌëv{ìÐT\—ao/šö‰ÌPc—goÐT–bömë9v{ìÐTzíéºí=aFÖÌëÐøh™amé ÎNh]mê@bŠØwda|ÐIw–™ezÎN=`[g°ÓÐTemA—MX‹HihŒÌëw`|ßÐ=ö—mâ GgmGmÓÎh`mçKmêö=Ûw^goº@gqwaêÐTemAnÐTGg‚<zíÚ7Úï9ÐA™gmÚ Xš‰v{ìÐT–gmGmÓ

ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻋﻠﻲ@

الملخّص

تهدف هذه الورقة إلى إبراز التحدّي الذي سيواجه دول الثورات العربية في صوْغها سياسات إنفاقٍ عامّ تلبّي ما طالبت به الثورات. في سبيل ذلك، تنظر الورقة إلى الثورات العربية بوصفها سعيًا نحو تأسيس أنظمة حكم ديمقراطية؛ بمعنى إنشاء مؤسسات سياسية تعددية وما يعني ذلك لكفاءة المؤسسات الاقتصادية. وتقترح الورقة أنّ طبيعة تحدّي صوْغ إنفاق عامّ ملائمة لطموحات الثورات في تحقيق عدالة اجتماعية تتمثّل في خلوّ جعبة المؤسسات الدولية المانحة للعون التنموي، كما يمثّلها صندوق النقد الدولي، من فكرٍ تنموي جديد في مجال صوْغ سياسات الإنفاق العامّ على الرغم من وجود الشواهد التطبيقية التي توضح نجاعة سياسات الإنفاق العامّ التوزيعية في تحقيق العدالة الاجتماعية. وهي شواهد تستعرضها الورقة. كما تعرض الورقة نتائج تطبيقية عن حجم الطبقة الوسطى في عيّنة دول الثورات العربية. وتوضح أنّ هذه الطبقة تمثّل غالبية السكّان في هذه الدول. وتقترح أنّ الانتقال إلى نظام حكم ديمقراطي يستند إلى تفضيلات الناخبين من شأنه أن يفرض اتّباع سياسات إنفاق عامّ توزيعية حيث يقوم الناخب الوسيط بدور محوري في اختيار مثل هذه السياسات.

Abstract

This paper examines the challenges faced by Arab spring states when formulating public expenditure policies that meet the revolutions’ demands. In an attempt to establish democratic regimes, the Arab revolutions dictated the creation of pluralist political institutions with concomitant implications for economic institutions. The paper suggests that the challenge of formulating a public expenditure policy in line with the revolutions’ aspirations for social justice lies in the inability of international development agencies, such as the IMF, to propose new and innovative ideas for formulating development policy. However, there are successful applied examples of distributive public expenditure policies for creating social justice. The paper reviews these examples in addition to the results of a survey identifying the size of the middle class in samples of Arab spring states. The survey demonstrates that the middle class represents a majority of population in these countries, suggesting that the transition to electoral democracy requires adopting distributional public expenditure policies in which the middle class voter occupies a central role.

الكلمات المفتاحية:
  • العدالة الاجتماعية
  • الإنفاق العام
  • الثورات العربية
  • صندوق النقد الدولي
  • الطبقة الوسطى
Keywords:
  • Social Justice
  • Public Expenditure
  • Arab revolutions
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • Middle Class

*zæv{ìÐTÚRoÎNÎ<|ÐÛÐT™œzö ïÐT{ïGgÐ?ŒØíéÐTšÚÐÓÐT^|<go9ɍ÷Pfm

Kmêö=c—öXmImT—p<ŒÐTšÚÐÓ 9G—g‰ÙTˆº=e]|ÐTÚRoÎN GgmGmÓÎh`mç ò

ÐTšÚÐÓÐT^|<go<É`fmG^gðmhœ=iGg~Ìh]do@bŠØwda|ÐIgoÅ<d^eÎhYmÊ

XjG–mÓGgmGgo=^zØwoíXmw^eÙTˆTb`mÊÒÐBjG–mÓÐøR™ZmØwo í=aFÖ

ÐTÚRoÌëI—g^oĵzö ïɍ÷ãÎh`mçKmêöX°ýdoT\d@mÓÐTšÚÐÓ9ĵag‡KzÐTo

Ð?™5Kgo=™dšö‰9Acö?^—oÐBjG–mÓÐTzíTgoÐBmhœoTc^ëÐT™edïºS5wdšöcfm

=edï?zwz96méɍ÷ãGgmGmÓÐüh`mçÐT^mêö ÉezíçÐTeazÐTzí;ºX‹Qb| ò

KCÐT|PŠX‹í?ØÐTYÐvzÐT™\—gagoÐT™=“xh›mKoGgmGmÓÐüh`mçÐT^mêö

ÐT™Ûw^go9ĵag‡ÐT^zÐToÐø?™5Kgo ívHÐvz=–™^|“fmÐTÚRoºÐT™=^|ß

mh™mýr=\—gagohm+oK‹@›ŠÐT\—aoÐTG\9KgöeoØíéÐTšÚÐÓÐT^|<goº Ìw[ð

í=“xÌëv{ìÐT\—ao/šö‰ÌPc—goÐT–bömë9v{ìÐTzíéºí=aFÖÌëÐøh™amé

ÎNh]mê@bŠØwda|ÐIw–™ezÎN=`[g°ÓÐTemA—MX‹HihŒÌëw`|ßÐ=ö—mâ

GgmGmÓÎh`mçKmêö=Ûw^goº@gqwaêÐTemAnÐTGg‚<zíÚ7Úï9ÐA™gmÚ

Xš‰v{ìÐT–gmGmÓ

âø{iÐ{_=pY{bšCÐéí{UÐ:ÐðØ{œšYnð2Ûên_UÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhHq˜—šTкæí}_Yw5T

‹wÌænZšTÐÒØnLÎÒØ{œšCÐphªúÐì|wDLo>}>{Sí ½»»ÃpfHphCn_UÐphUnCÐpYÛúÐ

Óڝ/šUÐpY{bšCÐphU5HÌ}UÐÓÐØn[šSøÐÒÚÐØl=ˆd_šxnY:px~fhcUÐpxØn[šSøÐpx}^fUÐÓøbY

ÓnHnh—UÐpHÐÚØíÔn=±U=}_UÐ~T}eUÐ

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

 Øn—cUЩn_>šUÐÓÐØn[šSøÐÝn_iÎíŠe_dUÞ}RØn«ÎípUn]˜UÐp=Ún7:ên_UÐçnaiüÐpLnœiéA º¼ë5Qí}Té={@íºphfgCÐpxØn[šSøÐ}ýÐí{UÐ:ì|wænZšTøÐÒØnLÎéAÚÐØï|UÐé{!ÐÚnJÎ:í ‡hUj>ŒYpSÚí:Ên@nYÊnL{šHÐoHnfCÐŒYë̺½»»ÃpfHpxØn[šSøÐêd_UÐ:Š=iÒ~ýn@~ýn"Ð oiÐ!ЯëÐf_=phd[aUÐ žmg–TÐ pd6:¼Ä¿¾pfH:ÓPôiºï{fU˜UÐïØn[šSøкc—>ĆTŠcxnY.½¤ên_UЊh`ZšUÐpUn"phHnh—UÐ L}aUЋd_UÐÚ]>…RÐíÚ‹wÌŒYqinTn¹Ìwpx~fhcUÐpxØn[šSøÐpx}^fUÐOÎÒÚnIüÐ:nfe0nYëÎ px}^fdUâÙø{biŒYšY{SnC‰UÙíºĽnCÐë}bUÐÓnhfh—2íÓnhfh_=ÚÌ:phefšUÐÓnxØn[šSø ÖGbYphefšUÐÓnxØn[šSøL}aUЋd_UЂRÚºæí}_Yw5Tí.(phchHĆcUÐ) px{hdbšUÐpxØn[šSøÐ ŠT:íˆJnfCÐíéí{UЊT:ˆh˜]šdUpd=nS (phUÐFhUhfUÐ) phchHĆThfUÐpxØn[šSøÐpx}^fUÐëc>ëÌ º~x5š> (padžšCÐéí{UÐöe—>qinTí) ngfhAphYnfUÐéí{UÐëÌp^AĆYDL‚R}UÐÐ|w{fšHÐ. ënYÛúÐ

‰dšUÒ}xn`Ypx}^i}JÌOÐÕnšĻ‹?ŒYíºpTGZCÐÓ5—UÐŒYØ{_=pY{bšCÐéí{UÐŒLºpLeœeT OÎÕnšĻpx{hdbšUÐïØn[šSøЊhdšUÐÓÐíØÌëÌíºpY{bšCÐÓnxØn[šSøÐÓĆcZYŠhdĻ:pYó{žš—CÐ

. phYnfUÐéí{UÐ:ˆh˜]šdUpeýĆYy˜[>cUpx}w@ÓĆx{_> ëÌíºngfhAphefšUÐnxn\b=NešgCÐànHíÌ:Úd˜>{SnðYnLnðSna>ÐëÌp^AĆYpSÚUÐì|wßÐ}Qúnföe0í

æHÓøšUÐì|wŠ›YëÌíºéí{UÐì|4ph@nšiüÐp˜hTGUÐ:pbheLphdchwÓøĻOÐÕnšĻphefšUÐ

ŒYpUí{dUn]ZiÐðÚíØod]šxnYwíºphýnbd>pbx}]=ph—RnfšUÐç—UÐÓnhUËŠeLˆx}JŒL>jš>ŒU ð

DLqSUЉUÙ:pxefšUÐÓnHnh—UÐê~ ôAÓ~TÚÜnHúÐÐ|wDLí. ên_UÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhHéĆB

‚ýnRéĆ`šHÐíºénCÐÜÌ}U…x’UЋTÐGUÐíºÒ{hUUÐÓnLnf[UÐpxn1íº…hf[šUÐ:ên_UÐÚ5›šHøÐ .¾‡hUncšUЊSj=ØÐ}RúÐOÎph[UÐpxnL}UÐí‹hd_šUÐÓnY{B‹x{b>íºphax}UÐÓnLn]bUÐ:pU5_UÐ :ì|wpYn_UÐÓng@šUкph=}_UÐéí{UÐnghR5=ºphYnfUÐéí{UÐq_˜ö>кĽnCÐë}bUÐÓnhfhi5?pxÐ{=šA

ŒY ĄŠT‹LØÓng@šUÐì|wŠ›YÓÛnAÙÎÅÑ}`š—e=‰UÙŒcx3í. ên_UÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhHngQÉ Š›Yân˜ö>ÐDLo>}>{Sí. <í{UЉf˜UÐíºphefšUÐén6:pdYn_UÐphL}aUÐn*5^fYíºÒ{šCЋYúÐpe^fY

šUÐpxefšUÐÓÐÛnœiüÐŒYŠœHºpb=n—UÐph]d—šUÐngše^iÌqĻºph=}_UÐéí{UÐ:ÓnHnh—UÐì|w šAí¼ÄÁ»pfHŒY¯i̍š^AĆe=<í{UЉf˜UЍ=ØnI̺…ešœCÐŒYp_HÐíyýРngfYÓØnašHÐ {b_UЍ—HÌï|UПnh—UÐØn[šSøÐŒYp”ÐíÒ{haš—eTyýÐPUÐì|wÓ}gKºĽnCÐë}bUÐÓnhfhi5? . ph_xۚUÐÓnHnh—UÐDLì~hT}>íïØn[šSøÐénœCÐ:pUí{UÐànZf=‡[>Ðï|Uк-}_UАL5š@øÐ phHnh—UÐÓnx}"ÐDL{hhbšUÐëfJÐCЂxnSrhAºph]d—>pbaÉì|wpxefšUÐÓn˜—šcCÐDLo>}>í.¿¤phL5š@øÐÓnY{#Ð}R>íïØn[šSøÐŒYún=…šešUЊ=nbY

(1) Paul Krugman, «Phony Fear Factor,» New York Times , 8/8/2013. (2) M. Kalecki, «Political Aspects of Full Employment,» Political Quarterly , vol. 14, no. 4 (October 1943). (3) Gerald M. Meier, Biography of a Subject: An Evolution of Development Economics (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). (4) Unlocking the Employment Potential in the Middle East and North Africa: Toward a New Social Contract , MENA Development Report. Orientations in Development Series (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004), pp. 2-4.

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

ngQÉ:ph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐéí؍@ÐhHï|UÐï{šUÐÛÐ}=ÎOÎpSÚUÐì|wæ{*ºê{b>nYʔ:

:. n)ö{š_ôxphef>ˆhbĻŒYéí{UЍhUÎye]>nY…YíÓÐڛUЍ=q˜UnJnYö˜d>ênLçnaiÎÓnHnhH

pe^iÌhHj>inðh_HnwÚn˜šLn=ph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐOÎ}^fUÐpSÚUÐŒY©n›UЋ—bUÐéínfšxº‰UÙŠh˜H

ãÉï{Ļp_h˜JëÌrUn›UЋ—bUÐÖGbxíÅpxØn[šSøÐÓn—HkedU‰Uِf_xnYíºphJÐ}bexØ‹cA

pinCÐphUí{UÐÓn—HkCÐp˜_@dB:Šö›eš>pUÐ{LˆhbĻ:ÓÐڛUÐÓnAe]UpeýĆYênLçnaiÎ

çnaiüÐÓnHnhHãÉén6:{x{@ïef>}cRŒYº<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉngdö›ex5TºïefšUÐë_dU

:ph_xۚUÐên_UÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhHpLnœiy”>šUÐphbh˜]šUÐ{wÐZUÐ}RÐ>ŒY‹Q}UÐDLºên_UÐ

ëÌÖGbiYn#Ћ—bUÐ:. pSÚUÐŒY…=Ð}UЋ—bUÐng”}_š—x{wÐIwíºphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_UЈhbĻ

çnaiÎÓnHnhHân˜ö>Ðß}axë̍ijIŒYN˜BnfUÐÓĆh\a>OÎ{fš—xJÐ}bexØ‹cAên^iOÎénbšiøÐ

ÓÐڛUÐéíØ:ÓnHnh—UÐì|wŠ›YÚnhšBÐ:nðxÚ7ÐðÚí؃hHUÐoBnfUÐïØkxrhAºph_xÛ>ênL

. phYnš#ÐÓn^AĆCЂ_=pSÚUÐê{b>ºEBúЋ—bUÐ:í. ph=}_UÐ

اﻟﺜﻮرات واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت

‡dš8n)…šeš>šUÐÊnB}UÐÓnxš—Y:{ównZCÐ{x{ZUÐÓínašUÐE—a>Ànð›x{AÚ{ÉÑnšTéínA

‹dL:ÒØn!Ðph›˜UÐsYÐFUÐoUqdcIî}BÌÓøín7ngšb˜HpUín7wíº3n_UÐÊniÌ:éí{UÐ

. ÞnB@=phefšUÐÓnxØn[šSøL}aUЋd_UÐ:ínðYeLØn[šSøÐ :ždš>šUÐpxڝCЍšUnHÚOÎÒÚnIüАac>ºÑnšcUЍ=Ên@nYÓĆh[a>:éB{UÐëíØŒYí

ÓnRƚBøn=ìE—a>Œcex3n_UÐéAºphefšUÐí̺ÊnB}UÐÓnxš—Y:{wnZCÐÓínašUÐëÌpAí}JÌ

Ón—HkCÐì|w‡­f[>rhAÅÓn_ešœCЇdš8nghdL}RšxšUÐphHnh—UÐÓn—HkCÐ:Ò{ównZCÐ

Ón—HkCÐÛ}a>ºŒY~UÐÚí}e=í. phýn[SÎÓn—HkYí (pxØ{_>íÌ) phfhe\>Ón—HkYNšLe6:

º‹g_RnfY‹h^_šU…ešœCÐØÐ}RúpxØn[šSøÐ~RÐ"Ð}R>pUn_RpxØn[šSÐÓn—HkYphfhe\šUÐphHnh—UÐ

º}BËoin@ŒY.(rheHêØˉU|=énS5T) phaB{h=‰UÙ:ëLR{Y‹¹jTº…ešœCÐ…RnfY‹?ŒYí

 (p=n¹íÌ) pUn_REQpxØn[šSÐÓn—HkYphýn[SüÐphHnh—UÐÓn—HkCÐDLo>GxºŒY~UÐÚí}Y…Yí

º…ešœCÐØÐ}RÌyUn[YOÎÓnašUøÐëíØŒYphHnh—UÐp]d—Un=pc—eCÐp˜žfUÐÊÐ}?ÎDLŠe_>

. dYnc=…ešœCÐíÌ ê{SÌŒYph¶ÚnšUÐÓøn"ÐpHÐÚØpbx}JºšAí}JÌ{xk>šUÐphbh˜]šUÐpUØúÐì{ZA:ºÑnšcUÐê{žšHÐ

phLnf[UÐÒڛUn=ÐðÚí}Yº (N[UÐípxhHùÐÚefUÐ) <n"ÐnfšSíOÎ (phinYí}UÐpxÚJÐFYüÐ) Ú[_UÐ

. WY:pd­›,-}_UÐ…h=}UÐéíØpUnAÑnšcUÐpþJ>qUínf>ºphœgfCÐì|wÚnJÎ:í.(ÐGdciÎn*ØnSšUÐ) }x}šUÐëÐ{hYÓÐ}wn^>:‹gšTÚnZYÑn˜HÌëjZ=Œx}wn^šCЂ_=Ón=n@ÎÑnšcUÐpþJ>Ó{ÉÚ

:N[[žšCÐEQNTÚnZCÐÓn=n@ÎëÌpþJšUÐq^Aøí. pY{bšCÐéí{Un=piÚnbYWY}bRÑn˜HÌí

ŒL~œ_UÐíÓnx}"ÐêÐ{_iÐíºŸnh—UÐ}gbUÐíº‹c"ÐØn—RéAÓڝ/phefšUÐíØn[šSøÐÓøn6

(5) Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (London: Pro ¿ le, 2012).

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

}^ipg@íŒYºpþJšUЁžd>í. phL5š@øÐpUÐ{_UÐêÐ{_iÐíºpÉí‹hd_>ŒYpYn_UÐÓnY{#ÐER>

šUÐÊnhIúÐëlRºNxWCÐOÎp˜—fUn=¯<nšUНfUÐDLNxWCÐŒx}wn^šCÐÓn=n@κÑnšcUÐpAí}JÌ

éĆ`šHÐŒLhRëí~œ_xnð_eš6ÓÛ}R̐šUÐpUí{UÐ~œLíphUn_Rê{LDLqdešIЋgadĺ:q˜˜—>

ÓĆcZCÐì|wëÌëxWCÐèÚ{xí. hRë˜Q}xï|UЋhd_šUÐDLé["Ðí‹*nAeJˆhbĻí‹g˜wÐY

ºqY{žšHАšUÐpbx}]UÐDLq˜>}>n¹g@ÐxšUÐpxØn[šSøÐÓn˜b_UЊTëÌíphHnhHÚí|@ÓÐÙ

.Á¤pY{bšYpxUíjTE`š>ëÌ{=øpbx}]UÐì|wëÌíphHnh—UÐp]d—UÐn)ºÓ}cšAÐí hUΊÉ>5=é˜bUÐŒcexilRºÑnšcdUph—hý}UÐpAí}JúÐ…YæƚBøÐíÌçna>øÐ}YÌŒYŒcx5gY

ºˆe_>5=ÚíºÚ]>ŒLE˜_>iÌDL½»¼¼}xnfx ©n›UÐëinT:}x}šUÐëÐ{hY:î}@nC‹gRŒY

pxn¹:ÓØjRp=n¹íÒ{HnRpxØn[šSÐÓn—HkYÓÛ}RÌphýn[Sün=qe—>ÐpxWYphHnhHÓn—HkY

. ð5TnAënTï|UПnh—UÐên^fUÐq_dšSАšUÐÒڛUÐâø{iÐOÎæn]CÐ NiÐbUÐn¹j=Ón—HkCÐæö}_>p[[žšCÐpxefšUÐÓnh=ØúÐëÌ„AĆiºehwnaCÐ֔UÐßÐ}Qúí

éØn˜šUÐÓøn6‡dš8:ìØÐ}RÌN=ŠLnašUЋcšU…ešœCкnghdLˆRКxí̺ngL{˜xšUÐæÐ}LúÐí

DLØhbTÓn—HkCÐ}x]š=êb>Ón_ešœCÐë̇x}_šUÐÐ|wŒY‹gaôxí.ÂïØn[šSøÐíL5š@øÐ

padc>Šhdb>íºÓnYd_CÐé5Tê{LŒLÿInfUÐNbhUÐê{LŠhdb>æ{)ØÐ}R±U_ešœCÐèd—UÐ

p]dHŒY{"ÐOÎæ{*n¹ÌDLÓn—HkCÐÚn˜šLÐŒcex‹gaUÐÐ|wìn9Ðai:í. ŠLnašUÐíÓøØn˜CÐ

êÐ~šUøА`˜fxšUÐÓÐÊÐ}@üÐí{LÐbUÐDLfUn=‰UÙíº…ešœCÐÒnhAAnfY‡dš8:ÚÐ}bUÐânöfÉ

. …ešœCÐØÐ}RÌp]HÐ=n) …ešœCÐ:phL}CÐæÐ}LúÐíNiÐbUÐ~heš>ëÌod]š>p[[žšCÐÓnh=ØúÐëÌ„ óAĆxº}YÌŒYŒcx5gY

Ð|wÜnHÌDLí. ïÚí{UÐíÿ@naCÐE`šUÐn0G_xøëÌíºØe!ÐhUíŒY~UÐ…YÚÐ}bšHøÐpa[=

…YnwÚÐ}bšHÐê{_U‰UÙíºÓn—HkYºéí{UÐÓnYcAngQ[>šUкpxefšUÐÓnHnh—UÐö{ó_ô>ø{hbUÐ

phehdSüÐn*n]h7íéí{UÐn)}/šUÐÓÐÚ]šUÐo—=ngdx{_>phincYüíºnðh˜—ipdxJÓÐGRŒY~UÐ

.Ãngbh˜]šUph—HkYŠTnhwOÎÓnHnh—UÐÕnšĻ…˜]Un=í. phUí{UÐí ënTº{g_UÐp›x{"ÐpxWCÐpxڛUÐpUn"ÐÊnL{šHn=phHnHúЍšAí}JÌ‹L{UÑnšcUÐpþJ>q˜wÙ5Tí

ß}`dU (ëØÚúÐíÑ}`CÐ5=ÚíŌehUÐíi>) î}BúÐph=}_UÐpxڛUÐÓøn"ÐÊnL{šHÐŒceCÐŒY

phHnh—UÐph—HkCЊTnh4ЇödĺŒL˜_IE˜_>n¹ÌDLph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐì|w‹gRnffcex‹?ŒYíº—ai

DLq˜dQšUÐÓÐÚn_ZUÐëÌ„AĆfUâÚn—ií. n4pb=n—UÐphfY~UÐÒGaUÐéĆBºÓ{h—>íºÓØnHšUÐ

pxÚ7‹hwnaYwíºphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_UÐípYÐ}cUÐípx}"ÐéApxaLpbx}]=Óڝ/ph˜_ZUÐÓÐ}wn^šUÐ

.Äow|"ЍeÉ  ogde™TÐ š+}>Œcexï|UЍ=nšT:Œ Hnh>ÚnYÌn)Ên@5Tp_HYpbx}]=phefšUЇx}_>: õ

. ½Þº—aiÚ{[eUÐ (Á)

(7) Douglass C. North, «Institutions,» Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol. 5, no. 1 (Winter 1991), pp. 97-112. (8) Dani Rodrik, One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth (Princeton, NJ; Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 153 and 154.

¾»¾ÅpR}_eUЋUnLºéĆ@SIpe@}>º |a`TÐíß|dTÐí‰f›TЋXÚ|œ™Xëm–hÎíÒ|@Óm–GjXow|@ogde™TÐ ºŒÉnh>ÚnYÌ (Ä)

.(½»»¿ºÑÐØùÐíëfaUÐípRnb›dUfJUÐdœeUÐqxcUÐ)

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

OÎÒÚnIüÐŒY{=øº…HÐUÐngYgae=phefšdUŒ Hnh>ÚnYÌp=ÚnbYÓĆh[a>:ß#ÐëíØŒYí õ éíØ‹*šUÐpxefšUÐÓnHnh—UÐŒYE˜TØ{_=Ò n˜YpSĆLn4šUÐ (phdýnHUÐíÌ) ph>ÐØúÐÓnx}"Ð 5T) phHnh—UÐÓnx}"ÐDLº‚_=…Yng\_=ŠYncš>šUкph>ÐØúÐÓnx}"ЊešZ>. ph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐ efUÐ…RnfY…xÛ>phahTÓÐÚn˜šLЉUÙ:5=) pxØn[šSøÐÓĆhg—šUÐÅ (phJÐ}bex{UЋc"Ћ^i: Óni5”Å (ph[UÐpxnL}UÐí‹hd_šUÐERšUphL5š@øÐÓn˜h>GUÐf_e=) phL5š@øÐÞ}aUÐÅ (ïØn[šSøÐ ER>f_e=) ýnSUÐŒYúÐÅ (px’UÐÓĆYn_šUÐíphUnCÐphUþ—YĆUÐíØn—aUÐëíØpUdhdU) phRnaZUÐ .¼»(ešœCn=pah_\UÐÓnþaUn=pxnf_dUL5š@Ðë5”pc˜I :ph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐÓn˜Un]YŒY énLëe\YDLïšĻngdTph>ÐØúÐÓnx}"Ðì|wëÌpSÚUÐì|wÖGb> ò f_e=º…HÐUÐngYgae=phefšUЈhbĻ:pUí{UÐÚí{=ngšSĆL:n ðÉ[BºphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_Un=ˆd_šxnY

ÖGb>‹gaUÐÐ|wDLÊnf=í. nghRë˜Q}xšUÐÒnh"ÐÐZh_hUÜnfUÐn)…šešxšUÐphbhb"ÐÓnx}"Ð…hH> ì|w:pxefšUÐÓnHnh—UÐãÉphdeLDLph=}_UÐÓÐڛUЍ”}a>ï|UАbhb"Ðï{šUÐëÌpSÚUÐ . JÐ}bexØ‹cAÒÚÐØÎ:Yc"ÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhHãÉén6:fY‹gYoin@:Œecxéí{UÐ ÓnHnh—UÐê~ ôA:ÞnBê5šwn=qh^AYc"ÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhHëÌØ{[UÐÐ|w:„AĆfUâÚn—ií

ì|wÓnYcAÓF@ÌrhAºph=}_UÐéí{UÐÑ_InghdLÓÚn?šUÐpb=n—UЋc"Ћ^ingšb˜JšUÐ . phL5š@øÐpUÐ{_UÐnxn\b=pxnf_UÐDLpxØn[šSøÐÒÊnacUÐÓÐÚn˜šLÐohd`>DLpe^iúÐ

ﺗﺤﺪي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم

:i>q_˜>-}_UÐŒJdUÒ{ýnbTºWYíº-}_UÐ…h=}UÐÓÐÚ?Ò{ýnSºi>ëÌpYn_UЋdL:y˜ÉÌ ºph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐ}œa>šAíĽnCÐë}bUÐÓnhfhi5?‡[šfY|fYnšbö˜Jºph=}Lph˜_IÒÚ?©n?Eœa>

qR{w.¼¼¤Œ]fIÐíçnRí¯ÓnHnhHê~ ôA‹Hn=Ó}gšIАšUÐphdcUÐpxØn[šSøÐÓnHnh—UÐŒYnðYó~ ôA

n*ÐØn[šSЍh@>ÒØnLÎDLºph=}_UÐéí{UÐngfh=ŒYíºphYnfUÐéí{UÐÒ{Ln—YOÎì|wÓnHnh—UÐê~ ôA

ˆhbš=ˆh˜]šUn=êb>šUÐéí{UÐÓ{Lííºç—UÐphUËéĆBŒYnghRØÚÐCЁh[ĺ‹šxrh= . ïØn[šSøÐefdUp_a>}YÓø{_Y <í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉphYnfUÐéí{UÐ:ngbh˜]>DLæ  ÌšUкì|wÓnHnh—UÐê~ ôAÓniöcY‹wÌŠešIÐ

p]HÐ=<nCÐàn˜\iøÐDLºïefšUÐë_dUpinCÐpY{bšCÐphLnf[UÐéí{dUNd›eeT<í{UЉf˜UÐí ºp˜x–dUï{"Ðé{_CЂaB퐘x–UÐÊnLUÐ…hH>ˆx}JŒL˜x–UÐÖĆÉüÐíºÓnYc"Ð phbhbAÒ{ýnRÚn_HÌ{x{ĻíºphUnCÐÒÚÐÛí…YTn˜šIЂRíï~T}CЉf˜UÐp]HÐ=ï{bfUÐàn˜\iøÐí ºÒøn`CÐê{Lf_e=ºph—Rnf>æ£Ún_HÌ{x{ĻíºpUb_Yíp˜@Yëc>rh=ç—UЈx}JŒL

. ÀÀ - À½Þº—aiÚ{[eUÐ (¼»)

éíؐRˆh˜]šdUqA}ôšSАšUАdcUÐØn[šSøÐÓnHnhHdLë—Ynhdxíë@ngbdJ̤Œ]fIÐíçnRíÓnHnhH¯pY~Aphe—> (¼¼)

Uí{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉíUí{UЉf˜UÐnghdLˆRÐ퐚UÐíº”neUÐë}bUÐÓnhfh_˜HpxngiRëx{UÐpYÛÌâø{iÐÒÐ{Qphfh>ĆUÐnT}hYÌ

}^iÐ. phT}hYúÐpeÉn_UАRnwÚnbY…b>šUÐphT}hYúÐpiÐ~žUÐÒÚÐÛíí

John Williamson, «The Strange History of the Washington Consensus,» Journal of Post Keynesian Economics , vol. 27, no. 2 (Winter 2004), pp. 195-206.

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

Ú5›šHøn=ohAGUÐíphT}e!ÐoýЖUЂhaĺíphecUÐØhbUÐDLÊn\bUn=ph@Ún#ÐÒÚnœšUÐ}x}Ļí NiÐbUÐ…h+Ên`UÎíº (Þn#Ðân]bUÐOÎphcdCЊbif_e=) pYn_UÐÓn—HkCЁh[ĺí n˜CА˜f@úÐ šUЉd>Ênf›šHn=) p—RnfCÐŒY{ĻšUЉd>íÌé5LúÐÓøn6‡dš8:éB{UÐ…f/Š=ŠS}_>šUÐ px5"Ðí (ï{bfUÐân]bUÐDLp=nS}UÐí̉dgš—CÐpxn1íÌpþh˜UÐíÌpYƗUÐÜnHÌDLnw}xF>Œcex

. phc÷dCÐçb"phiinbUÐ ë̉UÙŒYíºnðhœgfYp]˜\fYphfgYÓnHÐÚØŒYphbh˜]>{wÐZ=ÐðØf—YpYn_UЋdLy˜É̺én"ЉU|T

.¼½ngšb˜JšUÐphYnfUÐéí{UЋ^_Y:=Ó{Líï|UÐïØn[šSøÐefUЈhbĻ:qdZRÓnHnh—UÐì|w pe^fY‰UÙOÎqg˜i5T) phL5š@øÐoiÐ!ÐDL˜dH…SíŒYngbh˜]>DLo>}>nö,‹Q}UÐDLí

ngýÐØj={hI ̐šUÐéí{UÐŒYWYíiå>ŒYŠTqåinTº ô (ĽnCÐë}bUÐÓnhfhinhe?|fY‡h—hihUÐ DLo>GxëÌŒcexnYDLº‰f˜UÐíçí{f[UÐÓnh=ØÌ:ºŠ›CÐn)Ñ ô¦íˆh˜]šUÐÐ|wŠ›Y:~hešCÐ .(<nCÐÚÐ}bšHøÐíïØn[šSøÐefUÐf_e=) ïef>ÖnœiŒY¤Œ]fIÐíçnRí¯ÓnHnhHpY~Aˆh˜]> ºhdLq˜>}>{SWYíi>ŒY ĄŠT:ÓnHnh—UÐì|wˆh˜]>ë̽»¼» - ½»»»ÒGaUЊœHy”xí wšUÐÒGaUÐéƞR. ÑnœLüÐOÎL{>ph_he9pxØn[šSÐsýnšiºy@ÚúÐDLî}BÌŠYÐLDLí

ºnðxfHpþCÐ:¿¸¿†d=bhb"Ð<n+üÐMCÐs>nfUÐeié{_Cn]HšYi>qdœHºpHÐÚ{UÐ…”Y ð

pYn_UÐphUnCÐ{hÉÚ†d=íºpþCÐ:¾¸¾º‰dgš—CÐÚn_HÌo—=ºïf—UЋž\šUÐé{_YƒHšY†d=í Ñn—"Ð{hÉÚ†d=íºpþCÐ:½¸½oUnH<n+üÐMCÐs>nfUÐŒYp˜—fTpYn_UÐpYc"ÐYDL ºngfhLph_heœšUÐÓРkCÐíºng—aiÒGadUí. pþCÐ:»¸ÃOÐA<n+üÐMCÐs>nfUÐŒYp˜—fTïÚn!Ð º‹ž\šUÐé{_CpþCÐ:ø¼íºefUÐé{_CpþCÐ:À¸¼<КUÐDLºq`d=Ón]HšYWYqdœH

ŒY‹Q}UÐDLí.¼¾ïÚn!ÐÑn—"Ð{hÉ}UpþCÐ:»¸ÁíºpYn_UÐphUnCÐ{hÉ}UpþCÐ:¸¿oUnHí

ê{LŒLÒ öF_Yph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐÓ}œa>ºn*ØnIÎíºphUí{UÐÓn—HkCÐn”ÚŒYísýnšfUÐì|wph=n«Î

<nšUÐéÐk—UÐÖ}]xí. sýnšfUÐì|wÓÛ}R̐šUÐÓnHnh—UÐŒLnwn”Úê{LŒLí~œi Ì5=Ñ_ZUÐânfšSÐ ô ÈpeýĆCÐpxefšUÐÓnHnh—Un=ˆd_šxnY:éí{UÐì|wÑ_I…YphUí{UÐÓn—HkCЊYn_ššH‡hT—ai p˜ýniºˆhaIqe_iÓÚn?̺¤pxØn[šSøÐÒ|RnfUЯëÐfLqĻph=}_UÐp`dUn=<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉpií{Y: Š˜bš—Y:-}_UÐ…h=}UÐéíØng_˜öš>ëÌŒcexšUÐÓnHnh—UÐp_h˜Jph\Sº<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉ}x{Y

ëÌwíºënf˜dUn)qYnSÒÚnxÛéĆB-}_UÐ…h=}UÐ:ngbdSÚn?Ì ö5LˆhaIqe_iq?{Ļí.¼¿ngYnxÌ -}_UÐ…h=}UÐyšR5d›Y¯iÌq^Aøíº¤pZw{UÐE›x}YÌwíº{A̍fLÔ{šxøâ”YØn[šSøЯ phahTUĆBŒY€SnfiïØn[šSÐ…h=ÚOÎëùÐÕnšinfilRºƒHíúÐçPUÐ:pHnh—UÐëjZ=ÝnbfUÐÑn= . ¤pb]fCÐ}^šfxï|UÐïØn[šSøЊ˜bš—CÐ:EcašUÐÒØnLÎ

(12) William Easterly, «National Policies and Economic Growth: A Reappraisal,» (Working Paper; 27, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, 2003).

‹SÚˆdeUÐíº¼Á - ¼ÀÞº (½»¼¾xnY Únx̺Uí{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉ) ¤ºehdSøÐØn[šSøÐçnRËÓÐ{œš—Y¯UÐÐðØnfšHÐ (¼¾)

. î}BúÐph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐéíØÊÐØú (¼)

 Únx̼ú (pxØn[šSøÐÒ|RnfUÐ) Uí{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉî{šfY) ¤ºÈïØn[šSÐ…h=}U=}_UЋUn_UÐÕnšxÐÙneU¯ºˆhaIqe_i (¼¿)

.(½»¼½xnY

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

ŒYÐðØ{LˆhaIqe_iqA}Jº¤{x{@ïØn[šSÐ}cROÎp@n"Я‹HЊ1çZYL}RëÐfLqĻí

æ{gš—xên^iO΋­e_CЋL{UÐên^iŒY靚>ëÌëÐ{d˜dUŒcex‡hT¯MxnYDLqdešIÐpdþHúÐ

ER>DLÞn#Ðân]bUÐrAŒcex‡hTÈpUÐ{L}›TÌph˜x–UЋ^fUÐy˜[>ëÌŒcex‡hTÈÊÐ}baUÐ ëlRº¤{x{@ïØn[šSÐ}cR¯å=ngš˜Un]YŒY‹Q}UÐDLí. ¤ÈpYØnbUÐÓÐfHP_UÐ:p=d]CЇýnKUÐ :hUi̐wp²£ÒLØDLnwÍÐ]iÐípAí}]CÐpdþHúÐphýn²Î>a>ŒUæHˆS{CÐÏÚnbUÐ í̺px{hdbšUÐçí{f[UÐÓnaÉíˆh˜]>:Ò}=n›CÐíÚÐ}ešHøÐîHŠh˜HŒY-}_UÐ…h=}UÐéíØ…Hí pe^iúÐngb˜]>qinTšUÐpxØn[šSøÐÓnHnh—UЉdšUpdx{=pxef>ÓnHnhH‰UnfwhU}BËf_e=

. nghdLĿôSšUÐ ‹wÌŒYØ{Lpf—UÌDLíºng—aipií{CÐFL<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉ öFLëÌ{_=ˆhaIqe_ipdBÐ{YÓÊn@

Šh˜HD_R. ½»¼»pfHŒYEBúÐ…=}UÐ|fYÓÐÚ?ŒY-}_UÐ3n_UÐì{gI ö5L øí̍Inw{iÐŒLºx}x{Y ð Œcx3çí{f[UÐë̺çí{f[UÐ:]HUÐnhHËíƒHíúÐçPUÐÒÚÐØÎ}x{Yº{1ÌØ_—Y„Aøºén›CÐ DLÓ~T}>šUÐín)¥í̐šUÐÓnHnh—dUoSn_šCЈh˜]šUÐÊÐ}@ŒYph=}_UÐpb]fCÐ:Ô{AnY…Sšx Óm@°ÉÎÊÐ|?ÎíïØmZ™RøÐàmYeTÐ|w|ĵíLbTÐØmZ™R°TowR~GÌÊme<9oa\eBÐëÐzc<ÒzKm–X ¯ Ò|]e<x[™wmXëÌDP® „AĆhU…=n>í  £CKÌïØmZ™RЍdh‡gaĵ„g\™–=í獖TÐÓm—c\™X„X‡–™= .¼À« deTЄQmeXm)âۍ=phmS™TÐoaw|\cTmðgQmSmðX5™vÐŒ?h3meh̍vÊÐڍTÐNÎ Ôn=ún=p[[žšYÒÚÐØκ<í{UЉf˜UÐìfÉŠ›Y‰UÙ:d›Yº<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉëÌŒY‹Q}UÐDL OÎÕnšAЍilRºphCn_UÐÓn_Yn!ÐSÚÌ:<n_UÐoxÚ{šUÐÓÐÙÚØÐcUÐŒYÒ~hešYp˜žf=s_>ípxØn[šSøÐ Œ^`e<Š^w3mX|d™–wëÌ‹bdwø„w‘TÐïØmZ™RøЍdeTЙ@ŒhÌ ¯ÜÚØ‹d_šhU-}_UÐ…h=}UÐÓÐÚ? ÓmGmg–<mð<œZXí‰dK‹Koš@m—TÐÒzwÐ}™BÐØÐzK±TÒzwz?‰dKÞ|`TmðwØjX‹bw3mXí„gd!Ð

ºÚÐ|d™G°Toc<mRowØmZ™RøÐÓm@°ÉüÐëb=™@í „d™›BÐÓmþQ|aQúêÛ°TЊKzTÐêza=ogK5™?Ð ohmvÎØm–`TÐÊÐO™GÐ~gTí oJ]7ocRm)|>i™–=ëÌëíØmfeXoaaœ™BÐÚ5šTЄgd!Њ–™awëÌ_—ew hUº…˜]Un=.« m¹aœ™–w™TÐowØmZ™RøЄQmeBЋXŠfX|²ŒebTín–@íMeIЍBÐoXÐ|bToT—aXDP ‹d_šhUënY~UÐŒYŒx{bLOÎÕnš²çí{f[UÐëÎénSiÌ{1ÌØ_—C{e ô²ŒcUíº{x{!ÐÜÚ{Un=Ð|w éØn_UÐ…xۚUÐphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_Un=pbd_šCЉd>n ðÉ[BíºphefšUÐÓnxØn[šSÐ:phýÐ{š=øÐÜíÚ{UÐ

…ešœCÐÓnþR}bRú‹L{UЋx{b>íºfLN›An˜dUŠe_UÐÞ}RˆdBíºïØn[šSøÐefUÐ…RnfC Ò{hb_dU ýøí {hTj> ŒY U {=ø ënT º<í{UÐ {bfUÐ çí{fÉ : ÐðE˜T nðaKY {1Ì Ø_—Y ënT n ö Cí

ÓmKm\RoQmS‰dYwï{TÐé5KúÐéíz?{g`e=ëÌ ¯š^AĆe=‰UÙíºphUí{UÐp—HkedUpxØn[šSøÐ oTm@êm^TÐowÐz<{eXoa\eBÐÓzfHzRí ;mBÐíïØmZ™RøÐÚÐ|a™GøÐD_<|d™–wëÌ‹bdwø„d™›BÐ pXmRzaQ og?ÚmAíÌogc7ÚØmZX‹XÊЍGíºÒD—bTÐowØmZ™RøÐà_[TÐízwzYTÐMagTÐêzK‹X îzBÐCK‰^`Tm<ïÚí¥|XÌçm`hüÐÒØmwÛí m*m^c\=íэ^YTÐÓm?mg™@Ðog—c™TmfRm`hÎÒØmw}<ëÐzc—TÐ

}=šTÌ éíúÐŒx}Z>¼Äº (pxØn[šSøÐÒ|RnfUÐ) Uí{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉî{šfY)  « º=}_UÐ…h=}UÐŒYìnfed_>nY¯º{eAÌØ_—Y (¼À)

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

NÎçm`hüÐ؍^wbT‡@øpRí9mfeKéíz^Tm<xd–wëÌ_—ewÒØmw}TÐì{vŠgdZ=‹bTíºDZaTÐ

.¼Á« oXm^TÐogTmBÐCK‰?úÐocwIÓmgKÐz™TІ`¶Š>‹Xímfcdĵ9ÚÐ|d™GøЋbdwÓmw™–X ºØÚnQøNš—x}TqLÚnHº{1ÌØ_—Y˜šTnYÒÊÐ}SŒYÿJnBân˜]in=-}_UÐÏÚnbUÐÕ}¶øšAí

º<nCÐíïØn[šSøÐÚÐ}bšHøÐŒY{1ÌØ_—Yì{[SnYyh”šUº<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{f[UpYn_UÐÒ}x{CÐ

º½»¼¼Fe—xØ éíúÐëinTÁzxÚnš=ng—aiçí{f[UÐpií{Y:ÓPôišUÐngšdBÐ{Y:‰UÙí

o`g^[TÐÓmþ`TÐowm1ß|_<êm^TÐçm`hüÐ9„G™TЋKoa\eBÐÓmXb@†b= ëÌphªÌÓ{TÌrhA

ŒY{x~xnö,íºÒ{ýnaUÐÚn_HÌâna>ÚÐOÎîØ̯ ï{TÐoXm^TÐogTmBÐ}›Kâm–=ÐNÎîØ̈TÙëúº„d™›BÐ9

ÓnLíPCÐ:…HšUÐíÌÒ{x{@ÓnLíPYÊ{˜UêÛĆUÐë5šýøÐDLÞn#Ðân]bUÐé[Ap=_É

ÓnþaUÐæÐ{gšHn=phL5š@øÐpx5"Ћ^i{hI}>ÓnYcdU`˜fxíÅ « NaKCÐNh_>Ê{=ípeýnbUÐ

ëbwëÌ ¯o«íºÞn#Ðân]bUÐ…Y‹Qnf>:Še_>ëÌÓnYc"ÐDLo«íŊ\RÌŠcZ=pbš—CÐ

.¼Â£‰d^TÐDQ=í og–Qme™TÐíog?m™høÐíÚ5š™GøЊKØ9ïØmgRÚíØÞm#Ðâm\acT ÓnHnh—UÐÓnicY‹wÌŠö›exënTNb=n—UÐNa]šbCÐ:hdL{x{ZšUÐî}@nYŠTëÌ„AĆfUâÚn—i

‰f˜UÐí<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉŒY °ŠTn)j@na>šUÐÓÐڛUÐâø{iЊh˜SWYíi>ŒY °ŠTngšb˜JšUÐ

ngeHÐnwØ{[=ŒišUÐÓnHnh—UÐpY~Ao—TÌï|UÐEgZUА?ƛUкphTEYúÐpiÐ~#ÐÒÚÐÛíí<í{UÐ

pYn_UÐpiÛÐCÐ:~œ_UЂaB:ên_UÐçnaiün=pSĆ_UÐÓÐÙngRÐ{wÌ‹wÌŠö›/šUÐíº=Ó}gšIÐï|UÐ

ÒØnxÛÅÒ{ýnaUÐÚn_HÌÒØnxÛÅnð_YNf?øÐíÌoýЖUÐpdh[AÒØnxÛíÌên_UÐçnaiüÐŒYéĆSüÐéĆBŒY

Ò}x{YnghdLW>šUÐæÐ{wúÐì|w‹gRŒcexí. Ú5›šHĆUÞn#Ðân]bUÐÒØnxÚÅÞn#Ðân]bUЊx/

ºphefšUÐphdeL:Þn#Ðân]bUÐÚíØ‹hL{>ípUí{UÐÚíØ‚hdb>OΐY}>n¹j=<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉ

ºngšh_]Sçí{f[UÐÒ}x{YÓn^AĆYpQnhÉDL„ óAĆxí. ên_UÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhHéĆBŒYn ðÉ[Bí

pbx}]=ÓÊn@šUÐí]HUÐnhHËíƒHíúÐçPUÐÒÚÐØüì}x{YÓn^AĆYpQnh[=piÚnbYºnghUn_>í

>nHnhHDLo>}> ö5LÚ|š_xiÌíº-}_UÐ…h=}UÐŒY « nYn ðHÚد‹d_>çí{f[UÐëj=qAíÌ5=ÚphHnYd=Ø

çí{f[UÐÒ}x{YÚÐ}c>x}"ÐÏÚnbUЄAĆxÙÎÅ-}_UÐ…h=}UÐÓÐÚ?âø{iÐOÎÓØÌÓnSnaBÎŒY

 « ÓnYc"ÐDL nª ¯í « ÓnYcdU _—ew ¯Š›YÓÐØ}aYé5_šHÐ ºên_UÐ}x{CÐE˜_>o—=º « Ò{Ln—edUçí{f[UÐØÐ{_šHЯŒL öFL{S5gfY ăĆTëÌŒY‹Q}UÐDLíÐ|w

ì|wŠ›YëlRº]HUÐnhHËíƒHíúÐçPUÐÒÚÐØÎ}x{YE˜_>o—= « Ò{Ln—Cn=ŠYncUЍYÐ~šUЯí

ngšb˜JšUÐÓnHnh—UÐê~ ôAaiˆh˜]š=-}_UÐ…h=}UÐéíØqY~šUÐnYÐÙ΃bRê­{b>æHÓÐ{Ln—CÐ

éĆBŒYpYn_UÐpiÛÐCÐ:~œ_UЂaBOÎæ{*šUÐên_UÐçnaiüÐpHnhHngfh=ŒYíºpb=n—UÐpe^iúÐ

ŒY<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fɍhdLWxnYN=}RnfšUЊö›exí. phL5š@øÐÓønœCÐDLên_UÐçnaiüЊhdb>

ï{šUЍ—aiénœCÐ:n*nYcAŒYph=}_UÐÑ_ZUÐEwn+˜d]š>nYíên_UÐçnaiüÐén6:ÓnHnhH

. peýĆCÐpxefšUÐÓnHnh—UÐãÉphdeLDLph=}_UÐÓÐڛUЍ”}a>ï|UÐ

. —aiÚ{[eUÐ (¼Á)

}˜e—xØ éíúÐëinTÁº (pxØn[šSøÐÒ|RnfUÐ) Uí{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉî{šfY « ºênLÚí}Y{_==}_UÐ…h=}UЯºØÚnQøŒhš—x}T (¼Â)

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

اﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ: ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ

‡x}_šUhHjšUÐÓn[fYOÎÒØ_UÐOÎph=}_UÐéí{UÐ:phefšUÐnxn\b=NešgCÐph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐÓF@Ì

ÖGSÐï|UÐï—h_UЋhwÐ}=ÎpegCÐì|wŠ›Cî{[>í. h”>íA  íphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_UÐêgaY

}gbUÐíéĆ`šHøÐí‹d^UÐnghRašfx¯ (Ì) šUÐpUn"Љd>wphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_UÐëÌDLfxnðax}_>

L5š@øÐÊn[SüÐí€hegšUÐí}baUÐnghRoh`x¯ (Ñ) íº « 5ghdTíÌp]d—UÐíÌÒí}›UÐŒYënY}"Ðí

nghR…šešx¯ (Õ) íº « pUí{UЊBÐØ‹hUnSúÐíÓnL5!ÐíØÐ}RúÐN=nðhL5š@ÐpU˜bCÐEQçí}aUÐê{_f>í

Ú_ZUÐnghR‹_x¯ (Ø) íº « pþRncšYÓnx}Aípxín—šYphþh=íphHnhHíphL5š@ÐípxØn[šSÐçb=…he!Ð

pþRncšYÞ}R…ešœCÐÊn\LúnghRÖnšx¯ (åw) íº « phL5š@øÐpTÚnZCÐíŒYn\šUÐíŠRncšUÐíæn[iün=

phincY΍UŠacx5=íØ}aUÐyUn[UngahK>Œ—AíngfYncYŒY‹*nSnJçĆJÎí‹*ncdYí‹*ÐÚ{SphefšU

ß}_šxø¯ (í) íº « î}BÌpg@ŒY—aiqSUÐ:…ešœCÐyUn[Uípg@ŒY{Ln[UАL5š@øÐèÐ}"Ð

.¼Ã« î}BÌÓn_eš6íÌ…eš6oin@ŒYph_˜šUÐ}wn^YŒYìEQíïØn[šSøÐéĆ`šHĆU…ešœCÐnghR ‡x}_šUÐçn—>Ðp^AĆYOκhdLï]fxnYí‡x}_šUÐÐ|wNYn\YÖ  ÚnJÎ:ºï—h_UÐâÚnHí

pUÐ{_UÐêgaY…Yíºnðb=nHhUÎÚnZCÐpx}"ÐfÉphefšUÐíŒ Hnh>ÚnY̍=Ên@ï|UÐphefšUÐêgaY…Y õ

Ø}aUÐpx}ApxÚ7ŒYn ðHnḦd]fxï|UÐí~UíÚë@TEYúÐæ—dhaUЍ=Ên@ï|Uкæn[ilT

ëÌniÚí{=„AĆfUâÚn—ií. Ì{˜eTÊÐ}baUÐ}bRÌphwnRÚ‹h^_šUéØn_UÐ…ešœCÐ_—xëÌod]šxfcUí

šUín7:©nxØØÐ}YŒYnðYn> ø˜S{@íï—h_UЍAGSÐï|UÐphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_dUŠYnZUЇx}_šUÐÐ|w ð

.¼Äph=}_UÐÓÐڛUЍ=ÓØninCp=nœšHЉUÙíºêÐ{š—CÐ<ÐFhdUÐÕÙefUÐ:pUÐ{_dUpx}^i}x]šU f_e=ºpbd]CÐÒÐín—CАf_>øphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_UÐëÌDLï—h_UÐ{x{Z>pSÚUÐì|wßÐ}Qúnfe0

Ñ}SúÐëcx5=Úí. ƛYphYbUÐÒí}›UÐí̐YbUЊB{UÐŒY…ešœCÐØÐ}RÌp˜[iÌ:-n—"Ðïín—šUÐ ð

:ÜnfUÐN=pxØ}aUÐçÚÐaUАLÐ}x¯ iDLp˜[iúÐâ­Û>ëÌphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_dU…ýnZUЋgaUÐOÎ ò

:pAnšCÐÞ}aUÐ:kRnc>ÒÐín—YÜnHúÐ:wÚnJüÐÐ|w:p=d]CÐÒÐín—CÐí.½»« ÒE›TÚYÌ

ÜnfUÐNc/íºÞ}aUÐER>íºNfJÐCÐN=~hhešUÐê{Lngfe”ŒYºàí qĻ‰UÙíº…ešœCÐ

Òí|šTÐí‰AzTЄwۍ=9o^GЍTÐçí|`TÐxgœZ™T|d™–BÐ^–TÐ ¯íº}­R>šUÐÞ}aUÐŒYÒØnašHĆU

øNÎzwz?‹XïØj=„wۍ™TÐ9çÚЍQڍfJëíØ鍲øÞ|`TÐ9ÒÐím–BÐ|QЍ=ëÎÙÎÅٍ`eTÐí

ÒÐím–dcTmðwÚí¥m IŸrým™eTÐíÌzýЍ^TÐ9çí|`TÐnw|a=x—Zwmev‹Xí Þ|`TÐ9ÒD—SÒÐím–X ð

.½¼« Þ|`TÐ9 ‹gRßÐ}QúíºÒÐín—CÐê{Lêgae=šSĆLàí OÎíphL5š@øÐpUÐ{_dUÖGbCЇx}_šUÐOÎÐðØnfšHÐ

phL5š@øÐpUÐ{_UÐpUnADLéø{šHøÐŒcexºphbh˜]šUÐphAnfUÐŒYípeýĆCÐpxefšUÐÓnHnh—UÐÚíØ

ÓmGmg–TÐíogde™TÐoc›X  « º (}[YpUnA) =}_UÐ…h=}UÐØn[šSАRphefšUÐípUÐ{_UЈhbšUphd˜bš—eUÐçnRùЯºï—h_UЋhwÐ}=Î (¼Ã)

. ½»» - ¼ÄÄÞº (½»¼¾}xnfx in›UÐëinT) ¼Ø{_Uк¼Àpf—Uк owØmZ™RøÐ

=}_UÐ~T}eUÐpAí{UÐÅÓí}h=)  êÐz™–dTÐTÐ|—gcTÐÕٍdeTÐQoTÐz^TÐow|]hKmd™?ÐÕmXzhÐ ÒÐím–X ow|@ ºinxØØÐ}Y (¼Ä)

. ¿¼ - ¿»Þº (½»¼½ºÓnHnh—UÐpHÐÚØíÔn=±U

. ½»½Þºï—h_UÐ (½»)

. ½»¿Þº—aiÚ{[eUÐ (½¼)

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

Ún˜šLn=‰UÙíº…ešœCÐ:“úÐp]HÐ=TĆgšHøÐçnaiüÐíÌÒí}›UÐíÌŠB{UÐ…xÛ>pUnAOÎ}^fUn=

ºphdeLÑn˜HúíºÐ|w. …ešœCÐ:“ úÐíÌØÐ}RúÐN=ìnR}UÐ…xÛ>c_>ÓРkCÐì|wŒYnðxÌëÌ ô

ëÌìÐØkYìnR}UÐÓnxš—YÜnhSnxn\b=NešgCÐànHíÌ:èGZY‹gRÚ]>ºÓnYd_CÐ}RК=ˆd_š>

ðÒØnLí.(pY{bšCÐéí{UÐ:ŠB{UЊ=nbY:) TĆgšHøÐçnaiüÐwphYnfUÐéí{UÐpUnA:‹ýĆCÐE`šCÐ

í̺ (ÓínašUÐÜnhbU) phýn[AÎÓРkYêÐ{žšHn=ÒÐín—CÐê{Lp@ÚØÑn—=…xۚUÐpUnAÜnbô>

:}aÉŒYšehSÖíÐG>ï|Uкfh@ŠYn_ôYö{ó_ôxí.½½ïØn[šSøÐìnR}UÐpx}^iŒYÒ{eš—YÓРkY

º…xۚUÐpUÐ{Lê{LÜnhbU kY}gI̺pdYncUÐpUÐ{_UÐê{LpUnA:{AÐíOÎpdYncUÐpUÐ{_UÐpUnA

.½¾nðYÐ{žšHÐnw}›TÌíºÒÐín—YĆUÐíÌ OÎïØk>ëÌên_UÐçnaiüÐ:ÒØnx~UÐëjIŒYëÌy”>phbh˜]>sýnšiènfwëÌp^AĆYØ{[UÐÐ|w:nfe0

éí{dUpxefšUÐpdA}CÐÚn˜šLøÐN_=|BúÐ{_=‰UÙíºéí{UЇdš8:ÒÐín—CÐê{Lp@ÚØ:ßnažiÐ

acxºphdhdĻíph¶Ún>ÓĆh[a>:éB{UÐëíØŒYí. Ø}adUbhb"ЊB{UÐngfL öF_ôx5TºpadšžCÐ

ÒÐín—CÐê{Lp@ÚØëÎéb>šUÐÒEgZUÐ~šiÛTpAí}JÌÚn˜šBÐsýnšiDL{eš_>sýnšfUÐì|wëÌp^AĆY

ßnažiøÐ:Ì{˜>ëÌŠh˜S (Ø}adU‚ažfYŠBØf_e=) phefšdUphUíúЊAÐ}CÐ:âna>ÚøНiyf9

âna>ÚÐïØkxºph¶ÚnšUÐp=}œšUÐo—=í.½¿(ŒY~UÐ…YØ}aUЊBØâna>ÚÐf_e=) phefšUÐØÐ}JÐ…Y

Šö›eš>í. ÒÐín—CÐê{Lp@ÚØßnažiÐOÎïØk>ph—HkYÓÐÚ]>OÎØ}adUbhb"ЊB{UЃHšY

ºphL5š@øÐÓønœCÐDLên_UÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhH‡dš8:ŸnHúÐngdcI:ph—HkCÐÓÐÚ]šUÐ

ŠYncUЊh`ZšUÐë5\Uên_UÐân]bUÐ:‡ýnKUÐER>DLçnaiüÐíºp[UÐí‹hd_šUÐDLçnaiünT

. L5š@øÐë5\UÐÓnc˜IDLçnaiüÐíºŠe_UÐ:N˜QÐ}UÐënc—dU pUÐ{Lê{LÜnhSÓРkYŒY kYN=pSĆLÓÚö{ôSºphdÉúÐngšQnhÉ:pAí}JúÐì|wÚn˜šBø

pdA}CÐŒL öF_ôhU ö’aYE`šeTØ}adUbhb"ЊB{UÐí…=n>E`šeT (fh@ŠYn_eT) ŠB{UÐ…xÛ>

êÐ{žšHÐphincYÎp[[žšCÐÓnh=ØúÐqAGSÐ{SíÐ|w. ph]BEQÒÚö{bCÐpSĆ_UÐëc>ëÌDLpxefšUÐ

í̺ (_h=}>íØ}aUЊBØDLҒaCÐÓÐE`šCЊešZ>ëÌf_e=) Ø}aUЊBØE`šC_h=GUЊcZUÐ

Ð|w.(=dbYíØ}aUЊBØDLҒaCÐÓÐE`šCЊešZ>ëÌf_e=) Ø}aUЊBØE`šC<Øn˜šUЊcZUÐ

ŠcUî{CÐpdxJphfYÛŠHĆH}RÐ>ºphdÉúÐngšQnhÉ…Ypb—šYpbx}]=ºpAí}JúÐÚn˜šBÐod]šxí

ÓnYd_YêÐ{žšHÐOÎphbh˜]šUÐÓnh=ØúÐ}]”ÐÓnYd_CÐì|wŠ›Y}RÐ>ê{LëÌøκØn[šSÐíÌ}]S ô. px}]SFLph_]bY

én›eUЊh˜HdLº}^iÐ (½½)

Amartya Sen, On Economic Inequality , Expanded ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

fQúÐUÎ}bRúÐŒY (Òí}›UÐíÌŠB{UÐíÌ) çnai³UeTÐ}šUÐ…xۚUÐÜnHÌdLfh@ŠYn_YÑn—AŒcexºæí}_YwneT (½¾)

ënc—UÐyýÐ}IbRúÐڝeUЊ›exŒhxín—šYŒh_d\=pxíÐ~UЋýnSrd›YR~iÚUffY‹HڍHnHÌdL‹šxï|UÐ…xۚUÐwí

. pd=nbeUÐphinc—UÐyýÐ}ZUÐnghdLŠ[>šUÐçnaiüÐyýÐ}IHÌ}UÐڝeUЊ›exnefh=fQúÐUÎ}bRúÐŒY (ØÐ}RúÐíÌ}HúÐíÌ)

Š[>‹?ŒYíçnaiüЃHšYdL…ešœeUАRØ}RŠTŠ[xrhApdYncUÐpUÐ{_UÐpUnArd›eUÐ}>튛ex~iÚUffYÚnJАR

pAn—eUÐp˜—iÜnHÌdLfh@ŠYn_YÑn—AŒcex~iÚUffY‹HÚ{_=í. çnaiüÐyýÐ}IŒYngxín—xnYdLphincHpx}IŠT

. rd›eUÐpAn—YUÎ}>UÐíffeUÐŒh=ÒÚ[eUÐ

(24) Simon Kuznets, «Economic Growth and Income Inequality,» American Economic Review , vol. 45, no. 1 (March 1955), pp. 1-28.

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

ænZcšHøpxefšUÐpdA}CÐíŠB{UÐ…xÛ>:ÒÐín—CÐê{L kYN=pSĆ_UÐ}x{b>pUØn_Yq_ ­Hí

}RÐ>o—=í. pUí{UÐÚíØc_>Ò ö’aYÓÐE`šYpRn”l=‰UÙíºÒÐín—CÐê{LDLên_UÐçnaiüÐ}?Ì

½Ànªß}`UÐÐ|4NhRn”ÎŒxE`šY‡x}_>‹>ºÓnYd_CÐ px{bfUÐíphL5š@øÐÓĆxšUÐp˜—iij=æö}_ôxí Ó°wœ™TÐíÌ^wۍ™TÐêm^TÐçm`hüÐD_™X

‰UÙ:5=ºpdýn_UÐÓÐíĆLíÓnIn_CÐDLÓĆxšUÐì|wŠešZ>. <n+üÐMCÐs>nfdUphfh_UÐí. p[UÐí‹hd_šUÐDLçnaiüÐíß}CÐÓø{=ípUn]˜UÐÓø{=íÊn—fdUÒØøUÐÓÐíĆL ân]S:pdYn_UÐîbUÐŒYNdYn_UÐp˜—iij=æö}_ôxí êm^TÐâm\aTÐ9‰g_Y™TÐí̆gJ™TÐD_™X

. phYc"ÐÒÚÐØüЉUÙ:5=ºpUí{UÐ Ónhfhi5?íÓnhfh_˜HÓÐf—UÓnYd_CÐn4Ó}RÐ>Ðð}]ôSÂÀŒYpföh_UpHÐÚ{UÐqĻpSĆ_UÐÓÚ¬{ôS

Šh˜HDLº»¸¾ÀŒLn ð”L¾À) pxþYo—fTax}_š=fh@ŠYn_ôYê{žôšHÐrhAºĽnCÐë}bUÐ

ph=}LÚn]SÌp_=ÚÌDLpföh_UÐqdešIÐ{SíÐ|w. ¼ÄÃÃpfHÓÐÚøí{=Ø}aUЊBØhSrhAíº (én›CÐ

pf—U) Ñ}`CÐí (¼ÄÂÀpf—U) WYí (¼ÄÃÄpf—U) }ýÐ~!Ðí (¼ÄÃÁpf—UÓÐ{wnZe=) ëØÚúАw ‹ẃhžd>nffcexºŠÉúÐŒYnghdLé["ÐŒcexphfRÓĆh[a>:éB{UÐëíØŒYí.½Á(¼Äû DLºnghdLæÚn_šCÐÓnxš—CÐDLphýn[AüÐpxí~`Cn=…šeš>sýnšiwíºnghUΊ öÉ>‹>šUÐsýnšfUÐ

½Â<nšUНfUÐ éØn_ôx5=<n+üÐMCÐs>nfdUphL5š@øÐÓĆxšUÐp˜—iâna>ÚÐïØkxƒHšCÐ: NíúÐo›g™eTÐ

OН= (fh@ŠYn_ôY) ÒÐín—CÐê{Lp@ÚØßnažiÐOÎ<n+üÐMCÐs>nfUÐŒYpxþYànbiPL

. ànbi¿¸½ pdYn_UÐîbUÐŒYp˜—fT‡hKšUÐ:ên_UÐân]bUÐoh[iâna>ÚÐïØkxºƒHšCÐ: oghmšTÐo›g™eTÐ âÚn—ôií. pxþYànbi½¸¾OН= (fh@ŠYn_ôY) ÒÐín—CÐê{Lp@ÚØ:ßnažiÐOÎípxþYànbiP_=

f_e=) ph=}_UÐéí{dUphYØE`šYêÐ{žšHn=pSĆ_UÐì|w}x{b>ÒØnLÎÓ}@iÌØ{[UÐÐ|w:„AĆfU øph=}_UÐéí{UÐëÌsýnšfUÐq”íjRº (éí{UÐphb˜U}aÉpehSíph=}LpUíØŠcU{AÐípehS|BjxiÌ êa=êm^TÐçm`h³ToGmgGëÌrým™eTÐì{ve^=í .½Ãnðhýn[AÎn)ö{š_xpbx}]=pfh_UÐéíØphb=ŒL‡dšĺ

âm\aTÐ9‰g_Y™TÐo—–hÒØmwÛCK‰d^=í̺;m+üÐLœBÐr=mecTogK5™?øÐÓ°wœ™TÐo—–hÒØmw}<

(25) Branko Milanovick, «Determinants of Cross-Country Income Inequality: An Augmented Kuznets’ Hypothesis,» (Policy Research Working Paper; 1246, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1994). (26) Ales Bul t r, «Income Inequality: Does In À ation Matter " ,» IMF Staff Papers , vol. 48, no. 1 (December 2001) pp.

ÕÙeip]HÐ=ÒÚ­{beUЉd>ŒLngœýnši‡dšž>‹UšUÐíî}`[UÐÓn_=}eUÐÕÙeip]HÐ=ÒÚ­{beUÐpUØn_edU}hU=}^iÐ (½Â)

phýn[AüÐ - Ópehb=) »¸¿½¼ - phLneš@øÐÓĆxšUÐ}h`šYŠYn_ôYUnšUНfUÐdLng>ĆYn_YqinTšUÐphdýnHUÐÓÐ}öh`šeUÐ

ÓĆYn_YqinT{SíÐ|w.(ø½¼pbd]eUÐphýn[AüÐ - Ópehb=). »¸½¾ - ên_UÐân]bUАRŠh`ZšUÐ}h`šYŠYn_ôYíº (¾¸ÄÁpbd]eUÐ

pbd]eUÐphýn[AüÐ - Ópehb=) ½¸Ã¼ - í (½¸¾phýn[AüÐ - Ópehb=) ¿¾¸¾¾_h=}>íØ}adUbhbUЊB{UЋ›xÚnQU}h`šY

.(¾) ‹SÚéí{œUк¼¿»Þº—aiÚ{[eUÐ}^iк~šiÛTffYØ@í{xk>sýnšiwíºUКUÐdL (½¸À¾

(28) A. A. G Ali, «The State and Social Justice in an Era of Globalization: An Arab Regional Perspective,» in:  Samir Radwan and Manuel Riesco, eds., The Changing Role of the State (Cairo: Economic Research Forum, 2007).

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

çm`hüЄwۍ™Teg?‰Xm^ôXmf–gaw5—–@ogK5™?øÐoTÐz^TÐ}w}^=m¹iH‹Xº‰g_Y™TÐ;m+΋Xêm^TÐ

½Ä‰AzTЄwۍ=í̺S°f™GøÐ

ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻮغ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ إﺳﻨﺎد ﻧﻈﺮي

:KŠÐUfšnýsÐUš]˜hbhpÐUšÌ픝qÐU]˜h_pÐUšÛx_hpU—hnHnÓÐüiançÐU_nêºxecŒÐHšh_nÑJ˜h_p ÐUš{ïÐU|ï>a}”ÐU›ÚÐÓÐU_}=hpÌYnêLedhpÉãÐU—hnHnÓÐUšfexpÐCĆýepº=nøHšfnØÎO ÐUfeÙÕÐUf^}ï=ZjëÉãÐU—hnHnÓĻqÐUf^‹ÐU{xeb}ÐJhpºíwÐUf^‹ÐUšĻníéÐU{íéÐU_}=hp

. ŠRGÒÐøišbné >jHh—gn=_{iœnÖÐU›ÚÐÓYg5>] ô »¾JöÚÌHheSdíÚí=f—ëw|ÐÐUfeÙÕĻqÐøRGДnÓÐUšnUhp >a\hĆÓÌR}ÐØÐCœše…>_}öæØÐUp>a\hĆÓTŠR}Ø:ÐCœše…ÎOSh‹ÐU—hnHnÓÐUšHš]˜ˆ: -

ëÌßGaxºph_eš6ìnRÚpUÐØDLé[dU…ešœCÐØÐ}RÌÓĆh\a>…he9pUnšHЊK:í. …ešœCÐ qĻpHnh—UÐE`šYOÎpRö}_Ye^LpehSn4ëcxëÌphÉnž=…ešœCÐ:Ø}RŠTÓĆh\a>pUÐØ~heš>

. pHÐÚ{UÐ ß}a>ph_xÛ>ênLçnaiÎpHnhHŠcI:pxefšUÐpHnh—UЊö›eš>ëÌßGaôxên_UÐçnaiüÐpHnhH -

ÓÐØÐ}xüÐpdh[A…xۚ=êb>íº…ešœCÐ:éB{UÐŒYŠBØŠTDLpxín—šYp˜—f=ŠBØp˜x¦. …ešœCÐØÐ}RÌN=ïín—šUn=phRn[UÐph˜x–UÐ rh=éB{UÐDLoýЦ”}aUpadc>…ešœCЊešxp˜x–dUphRn[UÐÓÐØÐ}xüÐpdh[A -. p˜x–UÐpþROÎpRö}_Y‡hUncšUÐéÐí{Upx{hdbšUÐàíPUÐpadcšUÐpUÐØ:š—>. ngd ö\axšUÐp˜x–UÐpþRÚnhšBn=šhwnRÚpUÐØ‹h^_š=Ø}RŠTêbxëÌßGaôxØÐ}RúÐèdH - YOÎpRö}_YngfY °ŠTºÓnb˜JÔĆ?ŒY…ešœCÐëöcšxëÌßGaôx…ešœedUb˜]UÐohTGUÐ -

. ÊnhfQúÐpb˜Jí]HUÐpb˜]UÐíÊÐ}baUÐpb˜J…ešœCÐ:ŠB{UЃHše=piÚnbYŠB{UÐ JÐ}bex{UÐâÐGSøЈx}JŒLD›CÐên_UÐçnaiüÐpHnhHÚnhšBЋšxëÌßGaôxJÐ}bex{UÐèd—UÐ -

. …ešœCÐ:ënc—UÐph˜dQÌngd ö\a>šUÐp˜x–UÐpþRDL oýЖUÐpþRëÌÓn˜?ÎŒcexºìĆLÌ « JÐ}bex{UÐèd—UЯí « ên_UÐçnaiüÐpHnhH¯ óĽÐGRÐêÐ{žšHn= fUÐDL‰UÙíº…ešœCÐ:ŠB{UЃHše=nðiÚnbYpb˜]UЊB؃HšYDL{eš_>pb˜JŠcUD›CÐ

Rnð›x{AsýnšfUÐì|wÓ{Tj> (½Ä)

Jorge Martínez-Vázquez, Violeta Vulovic and Blanca Moreno Dodson, «The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Distribution: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries,» Review of Public Economics , vol. 200, no. 1 (March 2012). (30) Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

º…ešœCЊB؃HšYŒLŠbxngdB؃HšYëúp˜@Yp˜x¦pþRÒEbaUÐpb˜]UЊ ö\a><nšUÐ

Š ö\a>íº…ešœCЊB؃HšYŒYDLÌngdB؃HšYëúpx}aÉp˜x¦pþRÊnhfQúÐpb˜JŠ ö\a>í

o—=‰UÙíºpx}aÉq—hUngfcUíºÊÐ}baUÐpb˜JnwÚnšĺšUЉd>ŒYŠSÌp˜x¦pþR]HUÐpb˜]UÐ .¾¼Nx}BúÐNšb˜]Un=piÚnbYngdB؃HšY pHnh—UÐëÌÓn˜?ÎŒcexºìĆLÌÓn”ÐGRøÐqĻÓnHnh—UÐDLâÐGSøÐyhšxJÐ}bexØên^iŠK:

ßÐGRn=í. ƒhHUÐoBnfUÐngd ö\axšUЉd>ëcšH…ešœedUŸnh—UÐëÛКUЊ cZšHšUÐD›CÐ ö

{eš_hHƒhHUÐoBnfUÐ{x{ĻëÌOΊɚUÐŒcexº…ešœCÐ:ph˜dQúЊö›/øÒØnLÊnhfQúÐpb˜JëÌ

‰UÙëlRºënc—UÐŒY}›TÌíÌpþCÐ:À»ÊÐ}baUÐpb˜JqdcIÐÙlR…ešœCÐ:ÊÐ}baUÐpb˜Joh[iDL ngd ö\a>šUЉd>ëcšHD›CÐpHnh—UÐëlR‹?ŒYíºpb˜]UÐì|wOΐešfhHƒhHUÐoBnfUÐë̐f_hH

ƒhHUÐoBnfUÐëlRºënc—UЇ[iŒLÒEbaUÐpb˜]UÐoh[i öŠSÐÙκ}BËoin@ŒY. pb˜]UÐì|w . …ešœCÐ:D›CÐpHnh—UÐn*Ćh\a>Šö›ešHšUÐ]HUÐpb˜]UÐOΐešfhH ï|UÐÚí{UÐphªÌJÐ}bexØên^iÚnJÎ:ên_UÐçnaiüÐÓnHnhHã[=pbd_šCÐpx}^fUÐsýnšfUÐì|wf_> ƒHše=ˆd_šxnY:pHÐÚ{UÐqĻÓn_ešœCÐp˜hT}>OÎæ}_šUÐphªÌ‹?ŒYíº]HUÐpb˜]UЍ=êb>. …ešœCÐÓnb˜]U©nc—UÐëÛUn=ˆd_šxnY:íº…ešCÐpZh_YƒHše=piÚnbYº]HUÐpb˜]UÐpZh_Y

ا' ﻃﺎر اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ

xš]doÐHšcZnæØíÚÐUf^‹ÐU{xeb}ÐJhpÐUš>—_ÐU›ÚÐÓÐU_}=hpUšjHh—gn:6néÉãÐU—hnHnÓ ÐUšfexpÐCĆýepºB[Éð nHhnHnÓÐüiançÐU_nêÐUšÛx_hpºÐ>ö˜nâL{ØYŒÐ#]ÐÓÐCfgœhpÐUš]˜hbhp

>ZšeŠÐ#]ÐÓÐCfgœhpLDĻ{x{Y—šî. ŒYŒ>b{x}Aœ‹ÐU]˜bpÐUH]í?}Ðýgn ÐUš/ô c ö ÅĻ{x{Y—šîUde_hZpx_{öYŒ (íx—eö>bdh{xðnBƒÐUab}) Ude_hZpx_{öYŒø²[ŠLdhYŒÐUab}ÐÊ

Å>b{x} (íxecŒÌëi]dˆLdhBƒÐUab}ÐúLDÌíBƒL{êÐU›}ÐÊ) ²[ŠLDÌLDYfYŒJ˜bpÐúQfhnÊ . Aœ‹ÐU]˜bpÐUH]íYšHƒY_hZšgníYbnÚipw|ÐÐC—šî=ešHƒY—šîÐC_hZp:ÐU˜d{ÐC_f:Ynxš_dˆ=n#]ÒÐCfgœhpÐúíOºíT5wY_}íæº>”yÌØ=hnÓØÚÐHpKnw}ÒÐUab}ÐUš>}ÐTeq Yf|?5ihfhnÓÐUb}ëÐCnĽºÌixecŒĻ{x{ÐC—šîÐúØiUde_hZpÐU|ïx_{öYŒø²[ŠLdhYŒ

YŒQ|ÐÊíØíÐÊíHcŒí>_dh‹íYnxšÐRˆ) ÐUab}ÐÊ=_{ØYŒÐU]}çºíÌëJ}xbp>cdapÐ"n@nÓÐúHnHhp T5. íx—eöY—šîÐC_hZpw|ÐBƒÐUab}. wÐU]}xbpÐúT›}YĆÊYp (Y_gnYŒ6nøÓÎiançÌB}î

 Ìë>˜dÚÐ>anç:w|ìÐúØ=hnÓxbĿ=jëx_cBƒÐUab}Y—šîÐUšfehp:ÐU{íéÐCžšdapºT5x_Fö

w|ÐíLD. LŒÙU‰YšHƒÐüiançÐ"bhbUda}غ=e_fÌëxcëBƒÐUab}ØÐUp:YšHƒÐüianç º (B]hp>}í«hpí>}=h_hp:ÐUdQnÚx›5Ó) ÐU}Q‹YŒÐCníøÓÐCžšdapøBšhnÚIcŠØÐUpBƒÐUab} ÐHšb}ÓÐU[h`pÐ#]hpUšb{x}w|ìÐU{ÐUp=hrxcëBƒÐUab}Ð"bhbUda}ØÐCš`EÐUšn=…íYšHƒ ÐüiançÐ"bhbÐCš`EÐCa’ºíÙU‰#]àRb}ÚHehpxš‹A—n)n=ÐH]pÐU{íéºY—šž{Yp:ÙU‰

. ½Á¼ - ½ÀÀÞº—aiÚ{[eUÐUÎâ@}UÐŒcexºsýnšfUÐì|wUÎéÉdUphfaUÐÓĆh[ašUÐëjZ= (¾¼)

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

ƒBpUÐ{U}x{b>Ô{AÌØ5šLn=êbfHºpSÚUÐì|wßÐ}QúíºÐ|w. phHnHúÐÓn@n"Ðpadc>pbx}J

ŒLÓnYd_Yn¹jI:Ó}RÐ>phYnipUíØ¿ŒYpföh_Uøí}œinHíŒIíëhUnRÐڍ=ênSï|UÐ}baUÐ

ŠYn_ôY†d=rhAíº½»»ÀpfHØnfHl=Úøí{dUýÐPUÐÿRncCÐOÎqUöôAšUÐpheH}UÐ}baUÐà]B

:Ø}aUÐçnaiΊYn_ C¼¼ípUØn_CÐ…JnbU¾phýn[AüÐ ô - ÓpehSq`d=í»¸ÃÄÒÚ{bCÐpUÐ{dU{x{šUÐ

¾½<nšUНfUÐDLÒÚö{bCÐpUØn_CÐqinTíÐ|w.}gZUÐ (¼) pUØn_CÐ (}gZUÐ:Ø}adUbhb"ÐçnaiüÐ) »¸¾¾¼Ä¸¿ (}gI ÚøíØ) Ø}adUbhb"Ð}baUЃB DLí̺hdLŠ[²ŒYö{_x]HUÐpb˜]UÐpZh_CDLÌY{x{Ļphin›UÐphœgfCÐÒ]#Ðod]š>

}baUЃBf_e=pZh_edUiØúÐCÐ{x{Ļ:p_˜öšCÐphœgfCÐæĆBDLí. ÊnhfQúÐŒYºfYDLÌ

qdešIÐí.]HUÐpb˜]UÐpZh_CDLúÐ{"ÐÐ|w{x{ĻphahTéA…HÐíé{@‰Unfwºï{hdbšUÐ

çnaiüЃhHíŒYp˜—fTDLúÐ{"ÐØ{šxëÌf_e=) ph˜—iç}JDLÓnh=ØúÐ:pY{bCÐÓnAGbCÐ

 öN_Y{d=:{ýnHpZh_YYÚnhšBn=) pbd]Yç}Jíº (ph=íÚíúÐéí{UЉU|=êb>5T…ešœCÐ:

ºphJn˜šLøÐŒYÚ{SDLï]fx]HUÐpb˜]dUDLúÐpZh_CÐY{x{Ļëj=nðRÐGLÐí.(@}eT

. çnaiüЃhHí‡_”iÌDL{"ÐÐ|wÚnhšBÐíph˜—fUÐpbx}]UÐân˜ö>n=nfeS êÐ{žšHÐŒcexº]HUÐpb˜]UÐçnai΃HšY{x{š=f_ô>šUÐp›Un›UÐphœgfCÐÒ]#n=ˆd_šxnY:í

<nšUНfUÐDLÓnb=n]šCÐì|wæö}_>rhAíºp˜Sn_šYpbx}]=nghdLæÚn_šCÐ}baUЊhdĻÓnb=n]šY

pb˜]dUDLúÐpZh_CÐYOÎ z íÊÐ}baUЍHnHÌDLØ{šxï|UÐï{hdbšUÐ}baUЃBOÎ z ~Y}>

ënc—UÐ<n+ÎOÎÊÐ}baUÐØ{Lp˜—i) ÜÍí}UÐØÐ{_> kYOÎ H íºØ}aUÐçnai΃HšYOÎ y íº]HUÐ

çnai΃HšYOÎ v íºÊnhfQúÐçnai΃HšYOÎ k íºÊÐ}baUÐçnai΃HšYOÎ x íº (}baUЃBo—=

˜—fUЋœ"ÐOÎ R íº]HUÐpb˜]dU˜—fUЋœ"ÐOÎ M íº}baUÐҜR kYOÎ P íº]HUÐpb˜]UÐ

phUnšUÐ (Ónb=n]šCÐ) ÓøØn_CÐy”>5˜—A‰UÙíºÊnhfQúÐpb˜]U (½) pUØn_CÐ ØÐ{_> kC}baUÐҜR kYp˜—i)  €Rmh  ({AÐí)   x  (z) }baUЃB (x) ÊÐ}baUÐçnai΃HšY

 ( P H ÜíÍ}UÐ

(2) x = z (1 – P/H)

(¾) pUØn_CÐ  kY €Rmh {AÐí)  (x ÊÐ}baUÐçnai΃HšY)  x  (H ÊÐ}baUÐp˜—i kY)  (y) Ø}aUÐçnai΃HšY

(k ÊnhfQúÐçnai΃HšY)  x  (H ÊÐ}baUÐp˜—i

(3) y = x. H + k. (1 – H)

(32) Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula, «Dollar a Day Revisited,» (Policy Research Working Paper; 4620, World Bank, Washington, DC, May 2008), on the Web: <www.worldbank.org>.

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

 (iØúÐ}baUЃB{fL}baUÐp˜—i kY)  €Rmh

(]HUÐ

. ŒehUÐíÑ}`CÐíWYŒLÓnYd_CÐ}RÐ>pUnAw5TºphdhdĻÒ}Jn8‰UÙ:ëcx

. ìĆL̐bh˜]šUÐÚnJüЈh˜]šUp=d]CÐ

‹dgTÐ
½»»À)		Ñ|_BÐ
½»»Â)		VX
½»»Ã)		~h=
½»¼»)		ëØÚúÐ
½»¼»)		çm`hüÐÓÐDYK
½¸Ä¼½¸ÁÁ¾¸ÄÁ½¸Á¼¾¸¾ÁEZL}bRÌ
¿¸½Â¾¸ÃÁÀ¸½Ã¿¸¾¼¿¸¾À}bRÌ©n?

}bRÌ©n?

(¿) pUØn_CÐ  (]HUÐpb˜]UÐpZh_CDLúÐ{"Ð{fLÊÐ}baUÐp˜—i kY)  (M) ]HUÐpb˜]UЋœA kY

(4) M = H(z *) – H(z)

 (À) pUØn_CÐ pb˜]UЋœA kY)  €Rmh  (ÊÐ}baUÐØÐ{_> kY)  €Rmh  ({AÐí)  (R) ÊnhfQúÐØÐ{_> kY

(5) R = (1 – H – M) = (1-H(zi))

(Á) pUØn_CÐ ƒHšY)  x  (H ÊÐ}baUÐØÐ{_> kY) SniØ}aUÐçnai΃HšY (v) ]HUÐpb˜]UÐçnai΃HšY

.]HUÐpb˜]UЋœA  (k ÊnhfQúÐçnai΃HšY)  x  (ÊnhfQúÐØÐ{_> kY) Sni (x ÊÐ}baUÐçnaiÎ

(6) v = (y – x.H – k.R)/m

pföh_UçnaiüÐ…xÛ>ëjZ=phSÐÚphLiÓÐÙÓnYd_Y}RК>ºìĆLÌphœgfCÐÓÐ]#Јh˜]>ßÐ}Qú

ÓÐf—UÐÔ{Aú‰UÙíº<í{UЉf˜UÐ…SY:éncR=ÓnYd_YÒ{LnS:ph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐéíØŒY pf—UŒehUÐŽ»»Âpf—UÑ}`CÐŽ»»Ãpf—UWYŽ»¼»pf—Ui>íëØÚúÐ<nšUНfUÐDL ºŒY~UÐ…YpUg—=E`š>øphdchwpaÉnwÚn˜šLÐŒcexçnaiüÐ…xÛ>pUnAëÌ„AĆfUâÚn—ií. ½»»À

ëÌëíØŒYpbAøpfHDLé{>n¹jTÓÐf—UÐÔ{AúÒ}RКCÐÓnYd_CÐêÐ{žšHÐŒYŒ cexnYwí ö

}bRÌŒYÓÐEZ_UÐp˜[iÌo—=çnaiüÐ…xۚUí~iÚUffCÒÊÐ}SéncR=ÓnYd_YÒ{LnS}öR>

çnaiüЃHšYŒLÓnYd_YíºçnaiüÐ…xۚUfh@ŠYn_ CÑn—AíºEZLfQÌOÎënc—dUEZL ô ÓnYd_CÐ (¼) éí{!ЁždxíÐ|w. ½»»ÀpfHØnfHl=Úøí{dUýÐPUÐÿRncCn=Ø}adUï}gZUÐ

¼éíz!Ð

og<|^TÐÓÐڍšTÐéíØoeögK9çm`hüЄwۍ=

owþXn–hÓÐDY^TÐo—ZhÌ

„—™w

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

‹dgTÐ
½»»À)		Ñ|_BÐ
½»»Â)		VX
½»»Ã)		~h=
½»¼»)		ëØÚúÐ
½»¼»)		çm`hüÐÓÐDYK
À¸½»¿¸ÂÁÁ¸¼½À¸½½À¸¾¼}bRÌrUn?
Á¸¼¼À¸ÁÄÁ¸Ä»Á¸¾½Á¸½Ã}bRÌ…=ÐÚ
¸»ÃÁ¸Áĸ½¸¿Â¸½Â}bRÌYnB
ø¼Ä¸ÃÀøÁÀøÂÁø¿»}bRÌÜØnH
ĸÀÀĸ¾¼Ä¸ÂÁ¼»¸½ÄĸÂÃ}bRÌ…=nH
¼¼¸¿»¼¼¸¾»¼¼¸½Â¼½¸½Ã¼¼¸ÁÃ}bRÌŒYn?
¼¿¸¿Â¼¿¸ÁÁ¼¾¸ÂÁ¼À¸¾¾¼¿¸ÃÄ}bRÌ…Hn>
¾»¸Ã½¾¾¸½½½Á¸Àý¸ÀĽø»EZLfQÌ
¾Â¸ÁÄ¿»¸Ãþ»¸Â¾Á¸»Á¾À¸¿¾(·) fh@ŠYn_ôY
ÿ¼Á¼¼¼¿½¾¼½½À(}gI ÚøíØ) Ø}aUÐçnai΃HšY

. <http://iresearch.worldbank.org>  ©íGcUüÐ…SCÐDLºéncR=Óninh=Ò{LnS ÚzZBÐ

Ón=n—Ahf_>nYOÎ}^fUÐnffcexiÌp^AĆYnföe0ºsýnšfUÐì|wÒÊÐ}SÓĆh[a>:éB{UÐëíØŒY

sýnšfUÐì|wpiÚnbYíºŠB{UÐ…xۚUfh@ŠYn_ôYŒYŠ=nbxnCngdxĻ{_=çnai³Ufh@ŠYn_ôY

fh@ŠYn_ôYŠxĻŒcexºÒ}RКCÐphbh˜]šUÐsýnšfUÐo—=í. phYnfUÐéí{dUÒ}RКCЉdš=pU{_CÐ

Ô{AÌ (½) ˆdCÐy”xíÐ|w. pxþYànbiÁ¸ÁÒØnx~=ŠB{UÐ…xۚUfh@ŠYn_ CçnaiüÐ…xۚU ô 2DLyýÐPUÐì|wqdešIÐrhAºŠB{UÐ…xۚUfh@ŠYn_ôYyýРDLphYnfUÐéí{dU…xÛ>

…xۚU fh@ ŠYn_ ôe= pxn`dU p\ažfY ÒÐín—Y ê{L pUnA <nšUÐ fUÐ DL ÒÐín—CÐ ê{_U ÓønA

ÅpþCÐ:¾Àí½ÀN=ÖíÐGxfh@ŠYn_ ôe=p\ažfYÒÐín—Yê{LpUnAÅpþCÐ:½ÀŒYŠSÌŠB{UÐ

p_a>}YÒÐín—Yê{LpUnAÅpþCÐ:¿Àí¾ÀN=ÖíÐGxfh@ŠYn_ ôe=p]HšYÒÐín—Yê{LpUnA

íÌïín—xfh@ŠYn_ ôe=pxn`dUp_a>}YÒÐín—Yê{LpUnAÅpþCÐ:ÀÀí¿ÀN=ÖíÐGxfh@ŠYn_ ôe=

. pþCÐ:ÀÀçax éíØŠTq_š/ºph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐ}œa>DLpb=n—UÐÒGaUÐ:ëÌ<í{UÐ…@}CÐÐ|wêÐ{žšHÐŒYy\šx …xۚUfh@ŠYn_ôYŠSj=ºWYéB{UÐ:ÒÐín—CÐê{_Up]HšYp@Ú{=ºÑ}`CÐÐ{LnYºpföh_UÐ

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

. pþCÐ:¿Ã†d=fh@ŠYn_ ôe=p_a>}YÒÐín—Yê{Lp@ÚØÑ}`CЊœH

. ëjZUÐÐ|w:nghUÎnfdÉ>šUÐ

‹dgTÐÑ|_BÐVX~h=ëØÚúÐëmg—TÐ
ÿ¼Á¼¼¼¿½¾¼½½À(}gI ÚøíØ) Ø}aUÐçnai΃HšY
¿Â¾ÀÂÄÁÄ¿(}gI ÚøíØ) Ø}adUiØúÐ}baUЃB
½Ä¸Â½½¸¿¼¼¸Ã¼À¸¾¼½¸Ã(·) ÊÐ}baUÐp˜—i
¸ÄÀ¸Â½¸¼¿¸¼½¸¿(·) }baUÐҜR kY
¾¿ÀÀ¿Â»ÂÁ(}gI ÚøíØ) ÊÐ}baUÐçnai΃HšY
¼½Ã½¾¿¼Ãþ¿¾À½(}gI ÚøíØ) Ø}adUDLúÐ}baUЃB
ø¾ÃÀ¸¼Ä¼¸Áø¾ÃÁ¸Ä(·) ÊnhfQúÐEQp˜—i
¿¿¸Ã¿¿¸À¿À¸Â¿À¸À¿¿¸Á(·) ÊÐ}›UÐê{LҜR kY
½¿¾¿¿½½¼¼ÀÃÄÀ»À(}gI ÚøíØ) Ø}adUnhd_UÐpb˜]UÐçnai΃HšY
À¸ÁÁ½¸ÂÂĸý¸»Â¿¸¼(·) ]HUÐpb˜]UЋœA
ÂÀ¼¾½¼¼¿½»»½»¼(}gI ÚøíØ) Ø}adU]HUÐpb˜]UÐçnai΃HšY
»¸ÃÄ»¸Ã½¼¸»»»¸Ã»¸ÃÄ]HUÐpb˜]UÐÊÐ}? kY

.}baUÐÓРkYÓn=n—AsYni}=íéncR=ÓnYd_YÒ{LnSOÎÐðØnfšHÐnf>n=n—Anfx}@Ì ÚzZBÐ

5fh=Å (pþCÐ:¿¿) ŒehUÐÅ (pþCÐ:¿¾) i>Å (pþCÐ:¿½) ëØÚúÐÅ (pþCÐ:¾ÂOÐA†d=ºŠB{UÐ sýnšiOΊɚdUºÖGbCАbh˜]šUÐÚnJüЈh˜]šU (¼) éí{!ÐÓnYd_YqY{žôšHк}YÌŒYŒcx5gY

ºÓÐڛUÐâø{iЊh˜SÓÐf—UÐÔ{Aúph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐéíØ:ngýÐ}?í]HUÐpb˜]UЋœAëjZ=

énbšiøÐÒGR{_=pxefšUÐÓnHnh—UÐãÉphdeL:}?kšHšUÐphL5š@øÐp˜hTGdUÐ ð kYnwÚn˜šLn=

Ì{˜CÓnHnh—UÐ…fÉphdeLohœš—>ëÌ…­SšôxrhAºéí{UÐì|w:‹cdUJÐ}bex{UЃefUÐÚö|9í

sýnšfUÐ (½) éí{!ÐØÚxíÐ|w. ƒhHUÐoBnfUÐÕÙeiíï}^fUÐØnfHüÐN=nYo—=nghdLâÐGSøÐ

½) éíz!Ð

½»¼»oeGog<|^TÐÓÐڍšTÐéíØ9\GTÐoa—\TÐ

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

LwmX9mfgTЉɍ™TЊ=™TÐrým™eTЊvÌ€gc=‹bdw ph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐéíØ:]HUÐpb˜]UÐëÌéí{!Ðy”xº]HUÐpb˜]UЋœ=ˆd_šxnY:  øíÌ ð

:ÀÃOÐAO΋œAFTjTíWCpþCÐ:ûOÐAŒYngeœAÖíÐ}>íºënc—UÐph˜dQÌqdö›YpRnT

pþCÐ:½íºëØÚúÐ:ënc—UÐŒYpþCÐ:¿]HUÐpb˜]UÐqdcIíÐ|w. ‹œAŠSjTŒehUÐ:pþCÐ

ešfhHéí{UÐì|w:ƒhHUÐoBnfUÐëÌpœhšfUÐì|wf_>í. Ñ}`CÐ:pþCÐ:Á¾OÐAíºi>:

ÓĆh\a>DL{eš_šHJÐ}bexØên^iŠK:ÓnHnh—UÐãÉphdeLë̐f_xnYwíºpb˜]UÐì|wOÎ

. énœCÐÐ|w:px}^fUÐÓn_SšUÐo—=]HUÐpb˜]UÐ ƒHše=piÚnbYpb˜]UÐì|wçnai΃HšYp˜—f=hdLé{š—x5Tº]HUÐpb˜]UÐÊÐ}›=ˆd_šxnY: mðghm>

º‚x}LÊÐ}›=…šeš>øph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐéíØ:]HUÐpb˜]UÐëÌéí{!Ðy”xº…ešœCÐ:çnaiüÐ

šUÐWYpUnAÐ{LnY:‰UÙíº…ešœCÐ:}RКxï|UÐphwnR}UÐYŒLngšhwnRÚYŠbx5iÎí

. …ešœCÐphwnRÚY…Ypb˜]UÐì|wŠB؃HšYnghRïín—x çnaiÎÓnHnhHŠh\a>iâ~fhHph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐéíØ:ƒhHUÐoBnfUÐëÌsýnšfUÐì|wf_> mðšTm>

ÊÐ|`UЋL؉UÙ:5=ºphfhLípx{biphL5š@ÐÓĆxĻDLºhdLŠešZ>nYŒe”ºŠešZ>ºph_xÛ>ênL

pLnœiŒYphbh˜]šUÐsýnšfUЍšš˜?Ì5˜—A‰UÙíºên_UÐân]bUÐ:‡hKšUÐíºp[UÐíÕnšiüÐÓĆB{Yí

. çnaiüÐÐ|wŠ›Cpxef>

ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ

Œº:Y_}ß>bhheAnUpÐU_d‹ÐUa}LøSš[nØxnÓÐUšfehp:Hfp¾Ãļºí:KŠ øA„ÌYnÚ>hnH õ

HpYŒÌ>˜nâÐC{ÚHpÐUfhUhFÐUhpÐUšHh]}ÓíSšgnLDYbnUh{ÉfnLp >_}ßw|ÐÐU_d‹4œep

öÚÓ: ÎëÐUb[ÚÐ"bhbUf^}xpÐUšfehpÐUšJ ô¾¾ÐU—hnHnÓÐUšfexp:ÐU{íéÐUfnYhpºYnxM

ÌÚ=_hfhnÓí2—hfhnÓÐUb}ëÐCnĽ3xcŒ:ÐBšhnÚwnUdHnýŠÐUĆÛYpUšbhˆw{æÐUfeÐøSš[nØïº

íÎi5/›öŠ:ÐüØÚÐèQEÐUcn:=jëÐUfeÐøSš[nØïUhÎøíHhdpíÐA{ÒYŒ=NíHnýŠYš_{ØÒ

 (. Y›ŠÐ"}xnÓÐ"bhbhpÐUšxšeš…)nÐU˜PUh_hZÐÐ"hnÒÐUšx}Q˜ëRhgn) UšbhˆÌw{ÐæTFî

Œº=_{YbnÚipYk ÐÓÐUšfehp:L{ØYŒÐU{íéÐUfnYhpºÎOYĆA^pÙThpxecŒ>}+šgn í>ɊH õ

LDÐUfÐUšn<¯ÎÙÐÉe‹ÌA{ÐU˜d{ÐëÐUfnYhpLDÛxnØÒY—šîÚRnwhpI_˜YŒBĆéĻ—NÐU˜hþp

ÐU[hpºRliHhcëYŒÐU`adp=ecnëÎÙÐAníéĻbhˆÙU‰=ÐH]pÛxnØÒYšHƒØBŠÐUa}ØL”ð n

íÐUfb]pÐ!{x}Ò=nUšjYŠº «. LŒĻbhbYŒBĆéÐUš{BĆÓÐ"cYhpÐC˜n ÒíÐüÉĆAnÓÐø@š5Lhp

:w|ÐÐU[{غwYĆA^pÌëÐUfeÐøSš[nØïUhw{Rðn:A{ÙÐ>íÎi5íHhdpUšbhˆÌw{Ðæ

. ÌB}îºíÌëÐUfeÐøSš[nØï:AbhbpÐúY}øxe›öŠíHhdpR_nUpUšbhˆÌw{Ðæ>fexpAhxp Óº:H_hgnUšjHhÌi^epAc‹ xecŒRg‹Yn>}YÎUhw|ìÐUÚSpLDÌHnÜÌëÐU›ÚÐÓÐU_}=hpLFö

Øxeb}ÐJxkYöŒUdfnÜÐ"}xnÓÐU—hnHhpíÐC{ihpºLŒw{æÐU_{ÐUpÐø@š5LhpTg{æAhïUdšfehpº

>_še{LDĻbhˆY_{øÓY}>a_pUdfeÐøSš[nØïAš>šecŒYŒĻbhˆw|ÐÐ4{æ íYŒ?‹xf˜`Ìø ö

(33) Amartya Sen, «Development: Which Way Now " ,» Economic Journal , vol. 93, no. 372 (December 1983), pp. 745-762.

دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا' ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

ë_dUpinYéíØŒY5gadB‡bxŒYí<í{UЉf˜UÐí<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉn4y[fhH5T) ïh"Ð

phYc"ÐÓĆB{šUЯëÌpSÚUÐqAGSÐí.(énbšiøÐpdA}Y:ph=}_UÐéí{dUŠhRíØÒÚØn˜YnhUnAngdö›/

. ph_xÛ>ênLçnaiÎÓnHnhHãÉ:ždš>p=d]CÐ « phL5š@øÐÓnAĆÉüÐíÒ n˜CÐ

¼) ‡œcBÐ

½»¼» ½»»»og<|^TÐÓÐڍšTÐéíØoeögK9 öLbTÐØmZ™RøÐÊÐØÌ

ŒehUÐÑ}`CÐWYi>ëØÚúÐÊÐØúРkY
¿¸À¿¸ÁÀ¸¼¿¸¾Á¸¼ (·) bhb"Ð<n+üÐs>nfUÐefUïf—UÐé{_CÐ
¼¼¸»¼¸Äø¼¾¸¾¾¸Ä(·) ‹ž\šdUïf—UÐé{_CÐ
½¸¿ -¾¸Á -¸¿ -½¸½ -¿¸¾(·) <n+üÐMCÐs>nfUÐOÎp˜—i<nCÐ~œ_UÐ
»¸¿»¸¼ -»¸Â»¸Ã¿¸½ -MCÐs>nfUÐOÎp˜—iÓnLR{CÐëÐ~hY:~œ_UÐ
 (·) <n+üÐ

 (·) <n+üÐ

.(½»¼¾xnY Únx̺<í{UÐ{bfUÐçí{fÉ)  « ºehdSøÐØn[šSøÐçnRËÓÐ{œš—Y¯ŒYq˜— ôA ÚzZBÐ

½) ‡œcBÐ

;íØ„?|XogXmeTÐéízTÐ9‰AzTЄwۍ=oTÐzKoTm@

ºph=}_UÐÓÐڛUÐéíØ:TĆgšHøÐçnaiüÐ…xÛ>:ÒÐín—CÐpUnADL‹c"ÐßÐ}Qú {É}=ênSšUÐpUn"Аwíº3n_UÐYDL…xۚUÐ:ÒÐín—CÐpUnAOÎêncšAøÐï}œhH …xۚUfh@ÓĆYn_YÓ{ÉôÚrhAº¾¿nš=@íïØTíMSnšHn=ngfLÓnYd_CÐÔ{AÌ

phYniéíؼ»¿ŒYpföh_Uíº½»¼»pf—UphYnfUÐéí{UÐŒYpUíؼ¼½ŒYpföh_UçnaiüÐíŠB{UÐ

é[dUpxþYànbiÁ¸ÁÒØnx~=çnaiüÐ…xۚUfh@ŠYn_ôYŠx{_š=nfeSíÐ|w. ½»»»pf—U

ÜnHÌDL‰UÙíºŠx{_šUÐÐ|wŠ›YOÎÕnšĻšUÐéí{UЊcUŠB{UÐ…xۚUfh@ŠYn_ôYDL

.¾ÀŠx{_šUÐÐ|wŠ›CÓnh=ØúÐ:ÒÚ}bCÐsýnšfUÐ éí{UÐYDLŠB{UÐ…xۚUfh@ŠYn_ôYƒHšYëÌnghdLnfd[AšUÐsýnšfUÐy”>

qdœ ôHëÎíº (pxþYànbiĸÀ†d=ïÚnh_YæÐ}in=) pþCÐ:¿À¸¼†d={S½»¼»pf—UphYnfUÐ

šehSq`d=fh@ŠYn_ ôe=ºnh˜hYnií} ôeôbUÐÚ~@ŒY ĄŠcUqdœ ôH{bRºÒÐín—CÐê{_Up@ÚØDLÌ

. pþCÐ:½À¸¿šehSq`d=fh@ŠYn_ ôe=n—efdUp@ÚØiØÌqdœ ôH5fh=ºpþCÐ:»¸Á

(34) Francesca Bastagli, David Coady and Sanjeev Gupta, «Income Inequality and Fiscal Policy,» (IMF Staff Discussion Note, SDN/12/08, International Monetary Fund, 28 June 2012), appendix table 1, pp. 25-27, and Francisco H. G. Ferreira and Martin Ravallion, «Global Poverty and Inequality: A Review of the Evidence,» (Policy Research Working Paper; 4623, World Bank, Washington, DC, May 2008). (35) K. Deininger and L. Squire, « Measuring Inequality: A New Data-Base ,» World Bank Economic Review , vol. 10, no. 3 (September 1996), pp. 565-591, and Hongyi Li, Lyn Squire and Heng-fu Zou, «Explaining International and Intertemporal Variations in Income Inequality,» Economic Journal , vol. 108, no. 446 (January 1998), pp. 26-43.

pUnADL‹c"ЍHnHÌDLŒcex<íØ…@}YDLé["ÐnffcexºìĆLÌÓn^AĆCÐOÎÐðØnfšHÐ

y”xnYiDLºph=}_UÐÓÐڛUЈ˜Hï|UÐ{b_UÐéĆBnwÚ]>íŠB{UÐ…xÛ>:ÒÐín—CÐê{L

ŒYp²  ŠTî{Y{x{šUfh@ŠYn_ CïÚnh_CÐæÐ}iøÐíƒHšCÐê{žôšHÐrhAº ô (½) éí{!Ð

. fh@ŠYn_ôYyýÐ

¾) ‡œcBÐ ;íØ„?|X½»¼»oe–T‰AzTЄwۍ™Teg?‰Xm^ôXodgRn–œ<ogXmeTÐéízTÐoeögK„wۍ=

·) éízTÐo—–héízTÐØzKÒÐím–BÐêzKoTm@Å·) ‰AzcTeg?‰Xm^ôX
¼½¸À¼¿(p\ažfY) ¾À - ½À
¾Â¸À¿½(p]HšY) ¿À - ¾À
¾Á¸Á¿¼(p_a>}Y) ÀÀ - ¿À
¼¾¸¿¼À(Ð{@p_a>}Y)}›TÌíÀÀ
¼»»¼¼½<n+Ð

ŒYq_e ô@ ÚzZdTÐ

Francesca Bastagli, David Coady and Sanjeev Gupta, «Income Inequality and Fiscal Policy,» (IMF Staff Discussion

º½»¼»pfHŒLÒ}RКCÐÓnYd_CÐo—=ºphYnfUÐéí{dUfh@ŠYn_ôYyýРëjI:„AĆfUâÚn—i

Šbxfh@ŠYn_ôYf_e=ºpxn`dUp\ažfYpUÐ{Lê{LpUn=…š/ŒYphYnfUÐéí{UÐŒY‰UnfwŒcx3iÌ

. pþCÐ:½ÀŒL

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

Note, SDN/12/08, International Monetary Fund, 28 June 2012).