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}^iкpx}^fUÐng>ÐÚ]>íŠhœUÐêgaYÓĆh[a>UÎâ@}dU (½) Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia; an Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge , International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scienti ¿ c Method (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner and co.; New < or N: + arcourt, % race and company, 1952), pp. 282-310; David Kertzer, «Generation as a Sociological Problem,» in: Annual Review of Sociology (Palo Alto, Calif., Annual Reviews Inc., 1983), pp. 127 and 143; Richard G. Braungart and Margaret M. Braungart, «Life-Course and Generational Politics,» in: Annual Review of Sociology (Palo Alto, Calif., Annual Reviews Inc., 1986), pp. 206- 217; Richard G. Braungart, «Historical Generations and Youth Movements: A Theoretical Perspective,» in: Richard E. Ratcliff and Louis Kriesberg, eds, Re V earch in Social 0 ovement V & on À ict V and & hange (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1984), p. 104; Alan B. Spitzer, «The Historical Problem of Generations,» American Historical Review , vol. 78, no. 5 (December 1973), on the Web: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1854096> (Accessed 3 September 2011); Marvin Rintala, «A Generation in Politics: A De ¿ nition,» Review of Politics , vol. 25, No. 4 (Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Issue) (October 1963), on the Web: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1405847> (Accessed September 29, 2011); Jane Pilcher, «Mannheim’s Sociology of Generations: An Undervalued Legacy,» on the Web: <http://leicester.academia.edu/JanePilcher/ Papers/244971/Mannheims_Sociology_of_Generations_An_Undervalued_Legacy> (Accessed 3 September 2011); Carl H. A. Dassbach, «Long Waves and Historical Generation: A World-System Approach,» (September 1995), on the Web: <http://www.longwavepress.com/longwave_social_cycles/oladcha.htm> (Accessed 15 August 2011); Lillian E. Troll, «Issues in the Study of Generations,» International Journal of Aging and Human Development , vol. 1, no. 3 (1970), and Marvin Rintala, «Generations: Political Generations,» in: David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , 17 vols. in 8 (New York: Macmillan Co. and Free Press, 1968-1991), vol. 17.

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9 (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 17. 1

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(4) Raymond William Baker, Islam without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 10.

}^iкo]S{h—UphHnh—UÐÓÐÚ[šUÐëjZ=ÓĆh[ašUÐŒY{x~eU (À)

Joseph D. Bozek, «Sayyid Qutb: An Historical and Contextual Analysis of Jihadist Theory,» (MA Thesis, Grand Valley State University, 2008), pp. 68-69; Ahmad S. Moussalli, Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid 4 u ܒE (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 2006), p. 151, and Barbara Zollner, The Muslim Brotherhood: Hasan al-Hudaybi and Ideology , Routledge Studies in Political Islam (London ; New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 54-60..

dL. ¼ÄÁÀŠg]e™TocXmbTÐoZaTÐ|ÉmeTÐz—KíëЍAüÐ º{hœeUÐ{˜L{eAÌ}^iкýn\LÌí¼ÄÁÀ‹h^f>ÒjZiŒLÓnYd_eUí

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<http://www.ikhwanwiki.com/index.php " title D9 83 D9 8A D9 81_ D9 86 D8 B4 D8 A3_ D8 A A D9 86 D8 B8 D9 8A D9 85_1965> (Accessed 14 December 2011), and Barbara Zollner, «Prison Talk: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Internal Struggle During Gamal Abdel. Nasser’s Persecution , 1954 - 1971,» International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 39, no. 3 (1998), pp. 419-421. (6) Husam Tammam, The Sala ¿] ation of Muslim Brothers: The Erosion of the Fundamental Hypothesies and the Rising of Sala ¿ sm within the Muslim Brotherhood the Paths and the Repercussions of & hange , Marased. A Scholary Peer- Reviewed Pamphlet, 1 (Alexandria: Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 2011).

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(7) Asef Bayat, Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn , Stanford Studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic societies and Cultures (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 80-81. (8) Tammam, The Sala ¿] ation of Muslim Brothers.

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Khalil Al-Anani, «Brotherhood Bloggers a New Generation Voices Dissent,» (Online Islam, 2007), on the Web: <www. arabinsight.org/aiarticles/186.pdf> (Accessed 2 October 2011); Marc Lynch, «Young Brothers in Cyberspace,» (Middle East Research and Information Project, 2011), on the Web: <http://www.merip.org/mer/mer245/young-Brothers- cyberspace> (Accessed 19 February 2012), and Joseph Mayton, «Young Egyptian Bloggers Seek a More Democratic Muslim Brotherhood,» Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, vol. 28, no. 8 (November 2009), on the Web: <http://www.wrmea.com/component/content/article/321-2009-november/6291-young-egyptian-bloggers-seek-a-more- democratic-muslim-brotherhood.html> (Accessed 10 February 2012).

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(27) Christina Phelps Harris, Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: The Role of the Muslim Brotherhood , Hoover Institution Publications (The Hague: Mouton, 1964), p. 151.

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<http://al-mostafa.info/data/arabic/depot3/gap.php "¿ le 005833.pdf> (Accessed 14 October 2011), and Mitchell, pp. 36-45.

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(31) Hanan Solayman, «Muslim Brotherhood’s Young Members Dismayed at New Leadership Appointments,» Daily News (Egypt), 4/5/2011.

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ϭ ºÀ½ - ÁÞº (½»¼»ºU={Yp˜šcYÒ}wnbUÐ)  Šg]e™TÐowmfhímg?TwzwúЈb`=‹gdc–dTÐëЍAøÐÓøœ= ºêne>ên—A (¿¼)

Khalil Al-Anani, «The Young Brotherhood in Search of a New Path,» Current Trends in Islamist Ideology , vol. 9 (October 2009), on the Web: <http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/the-young-brotherhood-in-search-of-a-new- path> (Accessed 2 October 2011).

اﻟﻌﺪد ٩ / ٣

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