Spontaneity and Agency in Human Action

Abstract

Dealing with the subject of social change in the civil space and within the Arab Islamic city in particular raised a number of problems opposed to the issue of urban development within it. Perhaps the most important thing evoked by the subject of social change is rejection or resistance within the daily, spatial, behavioural, and communicative life of urban actors, be they individuals or groups. This resistance ought not to be viewed as without cost, that is it does not transfer into a meaning and signification that reveals the location of actors and the extent of their participation or involvement or exclusion and marginalization from the planning for urban, and hence social, change.