دبلوماسية المياه: ما أهميتها؟ وكيف تعمل؟

المؤلفون

  • مؤلفون

  • حسام حسين جامعة أكسفورد
  • زوي كامبل جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة
  • جوزفين ليذر جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة
  • باتريك رايس جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31430/FSLL3761

الكلمات المفتاحية:

الدبلوماسية المائية، السياسة المائية، سياسة المياه، التعاون المائي

الملخص

تثير الطبيعة المشتركة للموارد المائية العابرة للحدود، غالبًا، توتراتٍ حول تخصيصها واستخدامها، ما قد يؤدي إلى توتر العلاقات والتعاون بين الدول. ومع مشاركة 153 دولة في هذه الموارد عبر الحدود، فإن إدارة الأنهار والبحيرات وطبقات المياه الجوفية على نحو مستدام وتعاوني أمرٌ بالغ الأهمية. وهذا يتطلب اتباع نهج منسق من خلال دبلوماسية المياه لتجنب تفاقم الصراعات. في حين تختلف تفسيرات دبلوماسية المياه، فمن الضروري تسليط الضوء على أهمية الدبلوماسية في تحقيق أهداف أوسع خارج نطاق إدارة المياه.

السير الشخصية للمؤلفين

  • حسام حسين، جامعة أكسفورد
    مدير تنفيذي، الجمعية العلمية الملكية، عّما ن، وباحث مشارك في دبلوماسية المياه، جامعة أكسفورد (المؤلف المسؤول.
  • زوي كامبل، جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة
    باحثة، كلية سومرفيل، جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة.
  • جوزفين ليذر، جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة
    باحثة، كلية سومرفيل، جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة.
  • باتريك رايس، جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة
    باحث، كلية سومرفيل، جامعة أوكسفورد، المملكة المتحدة.

المراجع

  1. Jenniver Sehring et al., "Diving into Water Diplomacy-Exploring the Emergence of a Concept," Diplomatica , vol. 4, no. 2 (August 2022), pp. 200-221.
  2. Hussam Hussein & Fatine Ezbakhe, "The Water-Employment-Migration Nexus: A Buzzword or a Useful Framework?" Development Policy Review , vol. 41, no. 5 (November 2022).
  3. Eliška Tomalová & Eliška Ullrichová, "Water Diplomacy-The New Modus Operandi of EU Diplomacy? Innovative Methods in Diplomatic Practice," The Hague Journal of Diplomacy , vol. 16, no. 4 (July 2021).
  4. Martina Klimes et al., "Water Diplomacy: The Intersect of Science, Policy and Practice," Journal of Hydrology , no. 575 (August 2019), pp. 1362-1370.
  5. Kata Molnar et al., Preventing Conflicts, Fostering Cooperation- The Many Roles of Water Diplomacy (UNESCO's International Centre for Water Cooperation (ICWC) at SIWI, Stockholm, Sweden and the UNESCO's International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change (ICWRGC), Koblenz, Germany, 2017); Susanne Schmeier & Zaki Shubber, "Anchoring Water Diplomacy-The Legal Nature of International River Basin Organizations," Journal of Hydrology , vol. 567 (December 2018), pp. 114-120.
  6. Marko Keskinsen, Erik Salminen & Juho Haapala, "Water Diplomacy Paths - An approach to Recognise Water Diplomacy Actions in Shared Waters," Journal of Hydrology , vol. 602, no. 1 (July 2021), pp. 126737; Sehring et al., pp. 200-221.
  7. Tomalová & Ullrichová, pp. 471-479.
  8. Klimes et al., pp. 1362-1370.
  9. Soheila Zareie, O. Bozorg-Haddad & H. A Loáiciga, "A State-of-the-Art Review of Water Diplomacy," Environment Development and Sustainability , vol. 23, no. 1 (February 2021), p. 2338.
  10. Tuula Honkonen & Annukka Lipponen, "Finland's Cooperation in Managing Transboundary Waters and the UNECE Principles for Effective Joint Bodies: Value for Water Diplomacy," Journal of Hydrology , vol. 567 (October 2018), pp. 320-331.
  11. Schmeier & Shubber, pp. 114-120.
  12. Council of the European Union, Water in Diplomacy: Council Confirms EU's Commitment to Enhanced EU Engagement (Brussels: 19/11/2021), accessed on 27/4/2023, at: https://bit.ly/46rIY32
  13. Keskinsen, Salminen & Haapala, p. 126737, 3-4.
  14. Sehring et al., p. 212.
  15. Naho Mirumachi, Study of Conflict and Cooperation in International Transboundary River Basins: The Twins Framework (London: King's College London, University of London, 2010).
  16. Klimes et al., pp. 1362-1370; Molnar et al.
  17. Shafiqul Islam & Amanda C. Repella, "Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Manage Complex Water Problems," Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education , vol. 155, no. 1 (July 2015).
  18. Erika Weinthal, "Making Waves: Third Parties and International Mediation in the Aral Sea Basin," in: Melanie Greenberg & Margaret McGuinness (eds.), Words Over War (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000); Erika Weinthal, Neda Zawahri & Jeannie Sowers, "Securitizing Water, Climate, and Migration in Israel, Jordan, and Syria," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics , vol. 15, no. 3 (2015), pp. 293-307.
  19. Tobias Ide & Christiane J. Fröhlich, "Socio-Environmental Cooperation and Conflict? A Discursive Understanding and its Application to the Case of Israel and Palestine," Earth System Dynamics Discussions , vol. 6, no. 1 (May 2015), pp. 659-671; Christiane Fröhlich, "Desecuritisation of Water as a Key for Water Diplomacy," in: Liel Maghen & Shira Kronich, Ensuring Water Security in the Middle East: Policy Implications , Joint Policy Studies (Barcelona: European Institute of the Mediterranean, 2020).
  20. Florian Krampe, Farah Hegazi & Stacy VanDeveer, "Sustaining Peace through Better Resource Governance: Three Potential Mechanisms for Environmental Peacebuilding," World Development , vol. 144 (August 2021), p. 105508.
  21. Islam & Repella.
  22. Sam Wong, "A Post-Critical Perspective to Community Participation in Transboundary Water Governance-a Case Study of the Volta River Basin in West Africa," Geoforum , vol. 77 (December 2016), pp. 83-92.
  23. Robert Axelrod & Robert O. Keohane, "Achieving Cooperation Under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions," World Politics , vol. 38, no. 1 (October 1985), pp. 226-254.
  24. Schmeier & Shubber, pp. 114-120.
  25. Honkonen & Lipponen, pp. 320-331.
  26. Susanne Schmeier, Governing International Watercourses: River Basin Organizations and the Sustainable Governance of Internationally shared Rivers and Lakes (London: Routledge Taylor & Francis, 2013).
  27. Wong, pp. 83-92.
  28. Diana Suhardiman, Mark Giodarno & Francois Molle, "Scalar Disconnect: The Logic of Transboundary Water Governance in the Mekong," Global Water Forum Discussion Paper 1234 , An International Journal , vol. 25, no. 6 (2012).
  29. Wong, pp. 83-92.
  30. Suhardiman, Giodarno & Molle.
  31. United Nations Environment Programme, Hydropolitical Vulnerability and Resilience along International Waters: North America (Nairobi: 2009).
  32. Klimes et al., pp. 1362-1370.
  33. Shafiqul Islam & Lawrence Susskind, "Using Complexity Science and Negotiation Theory to Resolve Boundary-Crossing Water Issues," Journal of Hydrology , vol. 562 (July 2018), pp. 589-598.
  34. Charlotte Grech-Madin et al., "Negotiating Water across Levels: A Peace and Conflict 'Toolbox' for Water Diplomacy," Journal of Hydrology , vol. 559 (April 2018), pp. 100-109.
  35. Klimes et al., pp. 1362-1370; P. Huntjens et al., The Multi-track Water Diplomacy Framework: A Legal and Political Economy Analysis for Advancing Cooperation over Shared Waters (Nairobi: The Hague Institute for Global Justice, UNEP, 2016).
  36. World Health Organization (WHO) & UNICEF, Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines (Switzerland: 2017).
  37. S. Ospanova et al., Gender Mainstreaming in Water Governance in Central Asia (Uzbekistan: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, OSCE, 2020).
  38. Water Governance Facility, "Mainstreaming Gender in Water Governance Programmes: From Design to Results," WGF Report , no. 4 (SIWI, Stockholm: 2014).
  39. Scott A. Fritzen, "Can the Design of Community-Driven Development Reduce the Risk of Elite Capture? Evidence from Indonesia," World Development , vol. 35, no. 8 (August 2007), pp. 1359-1375.
  40. Wong, pp. 83-92.
  41. Jean-Philippe Platteau, Vincent Somville & Zaki Wahhaj, "Elite Capture Through Information Distortion: A Theoretical Essay," Centre of Research in the Economics of Development (2012).
  42. Sara Berry, No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
  43. David Michel, Water Conflict Pathways and Peacebuilding Strategies , no. 164 (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2020), p. 2.
  44. Ruben Van Genderen & Jan Rood, Water Diplomacy: A Niche for The Netherlands? (Netherlands: Institute of International Relations, 2011).
  45. Van Genderen & Rood.
  46. Mikiyasu Nakayama, "Successes and Failures of International Organizations in Dealing with International Waters," International Journal of Water Resources Development , vol. 13, no. 3 (1997), pp. 367-382; Asit K. Biswas, "Management of International Waters: Opportunities and Constraints," International Journal of Water Resources Development , vol. 15, no. 4 (1999), pp. 2221-429; A. Elhance, "Hydropolitics: Grounds for Despair, Reasons for Hope," International Negotiation , vol. 5, no. 2 (2000), pp. 201-222; Salman M. A. Salman & Kishor Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective (London/ New York: Kluwer Law International, 2021); Erika Weinthal, State Making and Environmental Cooperation: Linking Domestic and International Politics in Central Asia (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002); Neda A. Zawahri, "Stabilizing Iraq's Water Supply: What the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers Can Learn from the Indus," Third World Quarterly , vol. 27, no. 6 (2006), pp. 1041-1058; Neda A. Zawahri, "Third Party Mediation of International River Disputes: Lessons from the Indus River," International Negotiation , vol. 14, no. 2 (2009), pp. 281-310.
  47. Van Genderen & Rood.
  48. Weinthal, State Making and Environmental Cooperation ; Zawahri, "Third Party Mediation of International River Disputes …," pp. 281-310.
  49. D. Phillips et al., Transboundary Water Cooperation as a Tool for Conflict Prevention and for Broader Benefit-sharing (Stockholm: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sweden, 2006); Michel.
  50. Jonathan Lautze & Mark Giordano, "Demanding Supply Management and Supplying Demand Management Transboundary Waters in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Environment and Development , vol. 16, no. 3 (September 2007), pp. 290-306.
  51. Zawahri, "Third Party Mediation of International River Disputes …," pp. 281-310.
  52. Lautze & Giordano, pp. 290-306.
  53. Zawahri, "Third Party Mediation of International River Disputes …," pp. 281-310.
  54. Munther J. Haddadin, "Negotiated Resolution of the Jordan-Israel Water Conflict," International Negotiation , vol. 5, no. 2 (February 2000), pp. 263-288; Munther J. H addadin, Diplomacy on the Jordan: International Conflict and Negotiated Resolution (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002).
  55. John Waterbury, The Nile Basin: National Determinants of Collective Action (New Haven/ London: Yale University Press, 2002).
  56. Nakayama, pp. 367-382; Undala Z. Alam, "Water Rationality: Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty," PhD. Dissertation, Geography Department, U. K, University of Durham, Durham, 1998; Biswas, pp. 429-221; Salman & Uprety; Weinthal, "Making Waves: Third Parties and International Mediation in the Aral Sea Basin;" Weinthal, State Making and Environmental Cooperation ; Mark F. Giordano, Meredith A. Giordano & Aaron T. Wolf, "International Resource Conflict and Mitigation," Journal of Peace Research , vol. 42, no.1 (January 2005), pp. 47-65; Zawahri, "Third Party Mediation of International River Disputes …," pp. 281-310.

التنزيلات

منشور

2023-05-01

إحصاءات الاستخدام

54 مشاهدة 29 تنزيل