Theorising the Arab State: Alternative Trajectories, Temporalities, and Conceptions

Authors

  • Author

  • Bassel F. Salloukh Doha Institute for Graduate Studies

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31430/XZQE5503

Keywords:

Arab Uprisings, Arab State, State Formation, State Building, Ottoman Empire, Colonialism, Postcolonial, Global South, Imperialism

Abstract

This study advances a new approach to theorizing the Arab state after the popular uprisings. It does this in two steps. Suspending the western European model of state formation and bringing the Arab world's experience in conversation with other parts of the Global South, it examines alternative state formation and state building sequences, trajectories, and temporalities in the making of Arab states. It thus historicizes the process of state formation and state building in the Arab world as compared to the western European one and other regions in the Global South. This first step liberates us from explicit and implicit comparisons with the European model of state formation. The second step surveys alternative theorizations of the Arab state after the uprisings. Tracing the causal assumptions embedded in these theories reveals how much they rely on the European model of state formation and state building as an implicit point of analytic departure and critical comparison. This survey unpacks the assumptions these theories make about the state, the difference between states and regimes, state and non-state actors, the private and public realms, and the formal and informal sectors. The objective of this study is to not only de-exceptionalize states in the Arab world, but, more importantly, borrowing from Gurminder Bhambra, 'unmake' our understandings of state formation and state building in the Arab world and thus contribute, following Walter Mignolo, to a knowledge production that serves a form of 'epistemic reconstitution' of alternative historical trajectories and possibilities.

Author Biography

  • Bassel F. Salloukh, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies
    Professor, Dean of the School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies.

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  108. يقدّم بشارة رأيًا مماثلًا في كتابهالدولة العربية، فيلحظ أنّ قسمًا كبيرًا من التفسيرات لضعف الدولة في العالم العربي "يركز على ما يغيب لا على ما يحضر؛ أي إنها تفترض أسبابًا معيّنة لنشوء الدولة وقوتها في الغرب، والمجادلة بأن غيابها في الشرق يفّسر ضعف الدولة." ينظر: بشارة، الدولة العربية، ص 425. ويقدّم غسان سلامة الرأي ذاته في نقده كًّلا من تحليل حَّنَا بطاطو (1978) وعصام الخفاجي (1983) الطبقي للسياسة العراقية وكيف أنها لا تتماشى مع الديناميات الأوروبية: "هل النسق 'الشرقي' هو بالضرورة نسخة سنظل نتعجب من عدم مطابقتها لأصل موجود تاريخيًا خارج زماننا، وجغرافيًا خارج منطقتنا، وثقافًّيًا خارج حضارتنا؟". ينظر: سلامة، ص 201 - 202. وللاطلاع على تحل لي بطاطو والخفاجي، ينظر: الخفاجي؛.Batatu
  109. من الأمثلة الأخرى لأدبيات ما بعد الانتفاضات في العالم العربي التي تطرح افتراضات فيبرية جديدة مماثلة، ينظر: مروان قبلان، "لماذا انهارت ’دولة البعث‘ في سورية؟"، سياسات عربية، مج 9، العدد 53 (تشرين الثاني/ نوفمبر 2021)، ص 34-7؛ سلامة؛ غسان سلامة، "العطش للدولة والريبة منها"، في: العطش للدولة والريبة منها، ص 20-3؛ حارث حسن، "تشريح دولة المحاصصة: النيوباتريمونالية والمكونات ومركز السلطة في العراق"، في: الدولة العربية المعاصرة: بحوث نظرية ودراسات حالة، ص 354-319؛ Mehran Kamrava, Inside the Arab State (London: Hurst & Company, 2018).
  110. Saouli, The Arab State , p. 16 - 17.
  111. Heydemann & Lynch (eds.), p. 49.
  112. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks , Quintin Hoare & Geoffrey Nowell Smith (eds. & trans.) (New York: International Publishers, 1971), p. 244.
  113. Bilgin & Morton, p. 69.
  114. Bassel F. Salloukh, "What We Talk about when We Talk about the State in Postwar Lebanon," in: Heydemann & Lynch (eds.), pp. 141-168.
  115. Bassel F. Salloukh, "The Anatomy of Lebanon's Postwar Integral State: The Political Economy of Cartels and Consent," Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies (2025).
  116. Nikos Poulantzas, State, Power, Socialism (London: Verso, 2014),
  117. بشارة، مسألة الدولة، ص.200 - 199
  118. Poulantzas, p. 138.
  119. Ibid., p. 135. p. 132.
  120. Charles Tripp, "The State as an Always-Unfinished Performance: Improvisation and Performativity in the Face of Crisis," International Journal of Middle East Studies , vol. 50, no. 2 (May 2018), p. 337.
  121. Clifford Geertz, Negara: The Theatre State in Nineteenth-Century Bali (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980).
  122. Rabab El-Mahdi, "The Failure of the Regime or the Demise of the State?" International Journal of Middle East Studies , vol. 50, no. 2 (May 2018), pp. 328 - 332.
  123. Laurie A. Brand, Official Stories: Politics and National Narratives in Egypt and Algeria (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014), p. 6.
  124. Lisa Wedeen, Authoritarian Apprehensions: Ideology, Judgment, and Mourning in Syria (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019), p. x.
  125. Jamil Mouawad, "Lebanese Football: Imagining a Defiant and United Lebanon?" Middle East Critique , vol. 27, no. 3 (2018), p. 290.
  126. Jamil Mouawad, "Unpacking Lebanon's Resilience: Undermining State Institutions and Consolidating the System?" IAI Working Papers , vol. 17 (October 2017), pp. 4 - 5.
  127. Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy, and the State Effect," in: Aradhana Sharma & Akhil Gupta (eds.), The Anthropology of the State: A Reader (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), pp. 169 - 186.
  128. Jamil Mouawad & Hannes Baumann, "Wayna al-Dawla?: Locating the Lebanese State in Social Theory," Arab Studies Journal , vol. 25, no. 1 (Spring 2017), p. 79.
  129. Sami Hermez, "When the State Is (N)ever Present: On Cynicism and Political Mobilization in Lebanon," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , vol. 21, no. 3 (September 2015), p. 512.
  130. José Ciro Martínez, States of Subsistence: The Politics of Bread in Contemporary Jordan (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022), p. 8.
  131. Ibid., pp. 231, 233.
  132. Getachew & Mantena, p. 374.
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Citing articles in ACRPS journals (1)

  1. (2026) مقدمة: الدولة العربية بعد الانتفاضات. Siyasat Arabiya https://doi.org/10.31430/NVGN2433

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2026-01-01

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Received: September 29, 2025 Revised: November 29, 2025 Accepted: December 10, 2025

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Vol. 14 No. 078 (2026): Issue 078

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