من يقرر ما "الديمقراطي"؟

المؤلفون

  • المؤلف

  • آدم شيفورسكي

الكلمات المفتاحية:

الديمقراطية، الشعبوية، اليمين المتطرف

الملخص

​يعتمد ما يُعدّ ديمقراطيًا على القيم التي يعلّقها المرء على الديمقراطية. ويكمن التمييز الذي يحدد هذه الإجابة بين تصورين للديمقراطية، أدنى وأقصى؛ فالدفاع عن الديمقراطية يتطلّب برنامجًا إصلاحيًا إيجابيًا ذا رؤية مستقبلية.

المراجع

  1. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3.
  2. Hans Kelsen, The Essence and Value of Democracy , Nadia Urbinati & Carlo I. Accetti (eds.), Brian Graf (trans.) (Plymouth, England: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013 [1929]); Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper, 1942).
  3. في النص تبدو الترجمة المباشرة وكأنها تشير إلى قراءة شاملة للموقف، لكن نتبين من خلال نص ستيوارت مِل، المحال إليه، أنّ مقصد الكاتب هو القراءة بالمعنى الحرفي، أي إلمام الجميع بالقراءة نتاج التعليم. John Stuart Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill , vol. XVIII — Essays on Politics and Society Part I , J. M. Robson (ed.) (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977 [1859]), p. 99.
  4. Stephen Holmes & Cass R. Sunstein, The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999).
  5. Aziz Huq & Tom Ginsburg, "How to Lose a Constitutional Democracy," UCLA Law Review , no. 65 (February 2018), p. 87.
  6. Philippe C. Schmitter & Terry Lynn Karl, "What Democracy Is... and Is Not," Journal of Democracy , no. 2 (Summer 1991), pp. 75–88.
  7. Ozan O. Varol, "Stealth Authoritarianism," Iowa Law Review , no. 100 (May 2015), pp. 1673–1742.
  8. Elisabetta Povoledo, "An Overseas Surprise for Berlusconi," The New York Times , 13/4/2006; Thomas Wieder, "Turkish Elections: How Germany Became a Reservoir of Votes for Erdogan," Le Monde , 14/5/2023, [accessed on 1/9/2024], at: https://acr.ps/1L9zRYF
  9. Andrew T. Little & Anne Meng, "Measuring Democratic Backsliding," PS: Political Science and Politics , 11/1/2024, [accessed on 1/9/2024], at: https://tinyurl.com/5n7uwkee
  10. Schumpeter, p. 242.
  11. Lewis A. Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (Glencoe: Free Press, 1956).
  12. John Rawls, "The Domain of the Political and Overlapping Consensus," in: David Copp, Jean Hampton & John E. Roemer (eds.), The Idea of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 245–269.
  13. John Dunn, Democracy: A History (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005).
  14. اقتباس ليونتييف من مقابلته في: " Russian Democracy Is No Different from Western Democracy," Dziennik , 19/1/2008, [accessed on 1/9/2024], at: https://tinyurl.com/4zy98rn9; وللنظر في تعليق ترمب، ينظر: " Transcript: Donald Trump's Speech Responding to Assault Allegations," NPR , 13/10/2016, [accessed on 1/9/2024], at: https://tinyurl.com/29h99by7; وللاطلاع على تغريدة كاست، ينظر: " Chile Celebrates Leftist Boric's Election Victory," Deutsche Welle , 19/12/2021, [accessed on 1/9/2024], at: https://acr.ps/1L9zRYU
  15. Alexander Hamilton, "Federalist No. 78," in: The Federalist Papers , Clinton Rossiter (ed.) (New York: Mentor, 1961), p. 464; Roberto Gargarella, The Law as a Conversation Among Equals (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022).
  16. Adam Przeworski, Crises of Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019).
  17. Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989).
  18. في مقابل ترسيخ/ تصليب الديمقراطية.Consolidation
  19. Huq & Ginsburg, p. 96.
  20. Adam Przeworski, "Freedom to Choose and Democracy," Economics and Philosophy , no. 19 (October 2003), pp. 265–279.
  21. Vicente Valentim & Elias Dinas, "Does Party-System Fragmentation Affect the Quality of Democracy?" British Journal of Political Science , no. 54 (January 2024), pp. 152–178.
  22. Adam Przeworski, "Choices and Echoes: Stability and Change of Policy Regimes," in: Hideko Magara (ed.), Economic Crises and Policy Regimes: The Dynamics of Policy Innovation and Paradigmatic Change (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2014), pp. 33–55.
  23. Brian Winter, "System Failure: Behind the Rise of Jair Bolsonaro," Americas Quarterly , 24/1/2018, [accessed on 1/9/2024], at: https://tinyurl.com/mvmcfvs7
  24. Sefton Delmer, Weimar Germany: Democracy on Trial (London: Macdonald, 1972), p. 95.
  25. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
  26. Eerik Lagerspetz, "Wisdom and Numbers," Social Science Information , no. 49 (March 2010), p. 30.
  27. Matthew H. Graham & Milan W. Svolik, "Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States," American Political Science Review , no. 114 (May 2020), pp. 392–409.
  28. Zhaotian Luo & Adam Przeworski, "Democracy and Its Vulnerabilities: Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding," Quarterly Journal of Political Science , vol. 18, no. 1 (2023), pp. 105–130.
  29. Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies , 4th (rev. & ed.) (London: Routledge; Kegan Paul, 1962); Norberto Bobbio, The Future of Democracy: A Defence of the Rules of the Game , Roger Griffin (trans.) (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987); Przeworski, Democracy and the Market.
  30. Cas Mudde, "Populism in Europe: An Illiberal Democratic Response to Undemocratic Liberalism," Government and Opposition , no. 56 (October 2021), p. 589.
  31. Adam Przeworski, "Dinero, Política y Democracia," in: Política, dinero y poder: Un dilema para las democracias de las Américas (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2011), pp. 67–88.

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منشور

2024-11-01

إحصاءات الاستخدام

36 مشاهدة 62 تنزيل

إصدار

مجلد 12 عدد 071 (2024): العدد الحادي والسبعون

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الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2024 آدم شيفورسكي (Author)

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