Political Issues of Paradiplomacy Lessons from the Developed World

Authors

  • Authors

  • Mohammad K. Alsalih Concordia University, Montreal
  • Inass Abdulsada Ali University of Baghdad
  • André Lecours University of Baghdad

Keywords:

Paradiplomacy, Diplomacy, International Relations, Regional Governments

Abstract

This study centers on the phenomenon of 'paradiplomacy' that has become prominent in Western industrialized liberal-democracies. It begins by distinguishing three layers of paradiplomacy, arguing that paradiplomacy can be a multifunctional vehicle for reinforcing interests and protecting identity. It then discusses the various choices that are made when developing a paradiplomacy, including designing new structures and selecting partners. Next, the study addresses the issue of intergovernmental relations in the context of paradiplomacy and, more specifically, the attitude of central government towards a sub-state units developing activities that could be classified as constituting paradiplomacy, when these last nourish nationalist aspirations. Finally, the last section offers a brief discussion of the implications of paradiplomacy for democracy, democratic consultation and representation.

Author Biographies

  • Mohammad K. Alsalih, Concordia University, Montreal
    Professor of Political Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
  • Inass Abdulsada Ali, University of Baghdad
    Researcher, International Studies Department, College of Political Science, University of Baghdad.
  • André Lecours, University of Baghdad
    Professor of International Studies, College of Political Science, University of Baghdad.

References

  1. مع ترجيحنا إبقاء مصطلح Paradiplomacy، في النص العربي لهذه الترجمة، بصيغته المعرَّبة، أي كما يُنطق في لغته الأصلية (بارادبلوماسي)، حاله في ذلك حال مصطلحات أجنبية أخرى لا تجد مرادفًا دقيقًا لها في اللغة العربية، آثرنا التقيد بالترجمة العربية (الدبلوماسية الموازية) المتداولة للمصطلح في الدراسات والتراجم العربية. (المترجمان)
  2. Ivo Duchacek, Daniel Latouche & Garth Stevenson (eds.), Perforated Sovereignties and International Relations: Trans-Sovereign Contacts of Subnational Governments (New York: Greenwood Press, 1999); Hans J. Michelmann & Panayotis Soldatos (eds.), Federalism and International Relations: The Role of Subnational Units (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990). نشر في السبعينيات بعض الدراسات حول الفدرالية والعلاقات الدولية. يُنظر: Paul Painchaud, "Fédéralisme et politique étrangère," Études Internationales , vol. 5, no. 1 (1974), pp. 25-44.
  3. Eduardo Iglesias et al., La Provincias argentines en el escenario internacional (Bueno Aires: PNUD, 2008).
  4. Amitabh Mattoo & Happymon Jacob, "Republic of India," in: Hans Michelmann (ed.), Foreign Relations in Federal Countries , Global Dialogue on Federalism Series (Montreal/ Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press; Ottawa: Forum of Federations, 2009), p. 177.
  5. Francis Kok Wah Loh, "Federation of Malaysia," in: Michelmann (ed.), p. 199.
  6. John Ravenhill, "Federal-States Relations in Australian External Affairs," in: Francisco Aldecoa & Michael Keating (eds.), Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 134-152.
  7. Martin Nagelschmidt, "Les Relations internationales des länder allemand et l'évolution du système fédéral dans l'Union Européenne: Le Cas du Bade-Wurtemberg," Études Internationales , vol. 30, no. 4 (1999), pp. 679-699.
  8. Région Rhône-Alpes, Rhône-Alpes, actions internationales , 2000.
  9. Stéphane Paquin, Paradiplomatie identitaire en Catalogne (Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2003).
  10. Former Canadian diplomat Allan Gotlieb, "Only one voice for Canada," The Globe and Mail , 5/10/2005.
  11. The News Release, 28/1/2005, accessed on 24/1/2006, at: http://bit.ly/2Gt5 رابط المصدر الإخباري الذي يحيل عليه المؤلف في الأصل لم يعد يعمل. وقد استعضنا عنه بالمصدر الآتي (المترجمان): " Federal-Provincial-Territorial Meeting of Ministers responsible for Labour," Canadian Intergovernmental Conference Secretariat, News Release , 27- 28/1/2005, accessed on 21/1/2019, at: https://bit.ly/37eBYc6
  12. The following news release, at: http://bit.ly/3aGTAj3 رابط المصدر الإخباري الذي يحيل عليه المؤلف في الأصل لم يعد يعمل. وقد استعضنا عنه بالمصدر الآتي (المترجمان): United Nations, "United Nations Climate Change Conference Agrees on Future Critical Steps to Tackle Climate Change," Press Release , 12/12/2005, accessed on 21/1/2020, at: https://bit.ly/2sN6Wck
  13. هناك بعض الفدراليات في آسيا (الهند، وباكستان، وماليزيا) وأفريقيا (نيجيريا، وإثيوبيا، وجزر القمر) وواحدة على الأقل في الشرق الأوسط (الإمارات)، بيد أن هذا لا يمثل سوى نسبة صغيرة جدًا من هذه المنطقة الشاسعة.
  14. Andre Lecours, "Canada," in: Michelmann (ed.), Foreign Relations in Federal Countries , p. 128; Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère des relations internationales, Répertoire des ententes internationales du Québec,
  15. Ibid., See the MRI's website: http://bit.ly/37upz3Z
  16. Rhéal Séguin, "Quebec Seeks to Raise its Profile Abroad," The Globe and Mail , 25/5/2006.
  17. الاسم الرسمي للمنظمة، منذ عام 1998، هو: Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF).
  18. Norma Greenaway, "Harper Proposes Voice for Quebec," Montreal Gazette , 20/12/2005, A1 and A12.
  19. هذا ما يُعرَف بمبدأ.Gérin-Lajoie:
  20. ينطبق الأمر نفسه على الانتخابات الفدرالية في كندا.
  21. James Rosenau, "Patterned Chaos in Global Life: Structure and Process in the Two Worlds of World Politics," International Political Science Review , no. 9 (1988), pp. 327-364.

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Published

2020-03-01

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Issue

Vol. 8 No. 043 (2020): Issue 043

Section

Translated Studies

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Copyright (c) 2020 Mohammad K. Alsalih, Inass Abdulsada Ali, André Lecours (Author)

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