Siyasat Arabiya
type: channel
description: Siyasat Arabiya is a bi-monthly peer reviewed academic journal published by the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies and the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies (ISSN 2307-1583/E-ISSN 2789-326X) dedicated to political science, international relations, and strategic affairs.
publisher: Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies
language: en
publication name: Siyasat Arabiya
issn: 2307-1583
items: Palestine Over Two Months
items: Documents of Democratic Transition in the Arab World
items: Transformed by the People: Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham's Road to Power in Syria
items: Milestones in Democratic Transition in the Arab World
items: The Culture of Networked Communities and Its Impact on Political Action in Morocco
items: Leveraging Sports Diplomacy for Soft Power: Qatar as a Case Study
items: Dynastic International Relations: Understanding Race and the Crisis of Liberal Order Through Ibn Khaldun
items: Iranian Foreign and Security Policies and the Twelve-Day War: Realism, Idealism, or Domestic Politics?
items: Dysfunction as Order: The Limits of Method in Political Science from a Batesonian Perspective
items: Media Representations of the Israeli Military in the U. S. Elite Press: Discourse of Ethics and Power
items: The Arab State: Origins and Trajectory
items: Dynamics of Fragility in Arab States: The Impact of Economic, Social, and Political Variables on the Trajectory of Fragility (2006–2024)
items: Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory
items: The Erosion of the Arab State in Global and Regional Contexts
items: Introduction: The Arab State after the Uprisings
items: The Arab State Through the Eyes of its Citizens: An Individual- Level Analysis
items: The Political Economy of the Arab State
items: Theorising the Arab State: Alternative Trajectories, Temporalities, and Conceptions
items: Milestones in Democratic Transition in Arab World
items: Arab Legislatures: Public Perceptions of their Performance
items: La Fabricaccion de l’ennemie
items: Iranian Involvement in East Africa: Repercussions For Gulf National Security
items: International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity
items: Algerian Security Policy: Determinants, Fields and Challenges
items: The Dialectic of Determining the Priority of Night-Watchman State or International Responsibility in Achieving Solidarity an
items: Terrorism and Law: Moroccan Security Legislation for Combating Terrorism

Palestine Over Two Months
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description: This report includes documentation of the most significant Palestinian developments and events related to the Arab-Israeli Conflict, covering the period from 1 January to 28 February 2026.
subject: Documentation
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rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 132
ending page: 148

Documents of Democratic Transition in the Arab World
type: item
description: This section reviews the most significant political documents related to democratic transition in the Arab world. In this issue, we publish a selection of documents from Yemen and Syria, covering the period from 1 January to 28 February 2026.
subject: Documentation
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rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 127
ending page: 131

Transformed by the People: Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham's Road to Power in Syria
type: item
description: Title (original): Transformed by the People: Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham's Road to Power in Syria.
subject: Book Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Mahmood Alhosain
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 139
ending page: 148
doi: 10.31430/DNMH4884

Milestones in Democratic Transition in the Arab World
type: item
description: This report includes documentation of the key milestones of democratic transition in the Arab world during the period from 1 January to 28 February 2026.
subject: Documentation
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rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 123
ending page: 126

The Culture of Networked Communities and Its Impact on Political Action in Morocco
type: item
description: This study employs digital sociology approaches to trace networked communities and the contexts of their formation, development, or disintegration in relation to the social and political environment in which they emerge, with a particular focus on the impact of their culture on shaping public opinion in Morocco. The study assumes that contemporary communities, despite the digital nature of their medium, remain structurally connected to their traditional meaning grounded in similarity and cohesion, while being reconfigured within a networked society that fosters the rise of a "mass self". Based on network analysis, the study explores the transition of the individual from an autonomous unit to an active "collective person" within decentralized networked spaces that have contributed to reshaping the relationship between power and society, and between individuals and institutions. It also highlights the shift of political and symbolic conflict to the networked sphere and the emergence of new forms of participation, mobilization, and influence, turning networked communities into a social force capable of shapin – and at times producing – public opinion.
subject: Studies
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creator: Bouchra Zougagh
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 60
ending page: 77
doi: 10.31430/EAPD6317

Leveraging Sports Diplomacy for Soft Power: Qatar as a Case Study
type: item
description: This study explores the use of sports as a diplomatic soft power tool employed by states to achieve foreign policy objectives. It adopts a constructivist framework that highlights the role of symbolic factors in shaping state behaviour. Focusing on Qatar, as a small state lacking traditional power resources, the study examines how its leadership turned to alternative tools, notably sports, as a strategic means of influence. Qatari sports diplomacy relies on four main pillars: investing in global sports clubs, developing infrastructure and hosting major sporting events, investing in sports media, and supporting local sports. This strategic use of sport has contributed to redefining Qatar's role and enhancing its international standing, enabling it to exercise political and economic influence and to support the diversification of its national economy.
subject: Studies
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creator: Hiba Amir
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 24
ending page: 40
doi: 10.31430/CNQV2909

Dynastic International Relations: Understanding Race and the Crisis of Liberal Order Through Ibn Khaldun
type: item
description: This paper offers insights into the Crisis of Liberal International Order by combining Ibn Khaldun's theory of change with scholarship on liberalism and race. We argue that the crisis emerges from the incongruence of two features of liberal order: a binding feature (or 'assabiyya) of white supremacy and liberalism's principles of equality. The crisis is an outcome of a normative political order that can no longer balance a material and discursive reality of racialised hierarchy with ideals of equality. The crisis cannot be reduced to bad leadership or a technical failure to enact liberal values. Instead, attempts to think beyond the crisis must acknowledge the incongruence between white supremacy and liberal equality. Through this diagnosis, we gesture towards the constructive use of "non-Western" theory in the discipline of International Relations.
subject: Translated Studies
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creator: Faiz Sheikh
creator: Owen David Thomas
creator: Michael Medhat Youssef
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 93
ending page: 119
doi: 10.31430/KISP8666

Iranian Foreign and Security Policies and the Twelve-Day War: Realism, Idealism, or Domestic Politics?
type: item
description: Despite the sharp and often uncompromising rhetoric that accompanies it, Iran's foreign policy is deeply pragmatic and is guided by practical, strategic considerations and objectives. Especially after the end of the war with Iraq in 1989 , successive administrations in Tehran have pursued foreign policies that have been largely nonideological, guided more by the logic of national interests as dictated by evolving circumstances rather than by the principles of the 1978 - 79 revolution. Constitutionally, while the Supreme Leader is technically in overall charge of the country's international relations, Ayatollah Khamenei's guiding principles for conducting foreign policy – dignity, wisdom, and expediency – are broad enough to include a wide range of potential policy options. With the Islamic Republic seemingly embroiled in one regional and international crisis after another, pragmatism has become its default backup policy. A legacy of the war with Iraq from 1980 to 1988 , this hard realism is only likely to be reinforced as the lingering consequences of the Twelve-Day War shape Iranian foreign and security policies in the years to come.
subject: Studies
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creator: Mehran Kamrava
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 9
ending page: 23
doi: 10.31430/ZYTG6550

Dysfunction as Order: The Limits of Method in Political Science from a Batesonian Perspective
type: item
description: This article addresses an epistemological question related to the methodological impasse in political science through a reading of selected conceptual orientations in Gregory Bateson's thought. It advances the hypothesis that methodological difficulty does not primarily stem from analytical tools as such, but rather from the underlying frameworks through which political action is understood. Drawing on an analytical-interpretive approach, the article examines concepts such as "dysfunction as a patterned regularity", the "double bind", and "second-order learning", with the aim of questioning linear modes of explanation in political analysis and approaching politics as a network of interrelated relations and paradoxical repetitions. The discussion also engages, comparatively, with selected contributions by Niklas Luhmann, Michel Foucault, and Pierre Bourdieu, in order to highlight shifts in the production of meaning in analyses of power and to delineate the limits of dominant approaches. The article concludes that a Batesonian perspective offers epistemological possibilities for understanding political complexity by foregrounding context, relational dynamics, and patterned dysfunction, beyond models based on linear causality and predictive techniques.
subject: Studies
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creator: Taha Lahmidani
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 79
ending page: 90
doi: 10.31430/VKQQ7685

Media Representations of the Israeli Military in the U. S. Elite Press: Discourse of Ethics and Power
type: item
description: This study examined representations of the Israeli military establishment in the U. S. elite press, focusing on aspects of power and morality. it poses a key question: How did the Israeli military establishment appear to be represented in the American elite press after October 7 , 2023. The study employs critical discourse analysis (CDA) techniques alongside a review of relevant literature and secondary sources to uncover the characteristics of the representations constructed by media narratives. This is achieved through reflective thematic analysis of in-depth reports from a sample of American elite press outlets, represented by three major publications: The New Yorker, The Atlantic, and Foreign Policy. The findings reveal that much of the journalistic discourse has focused on the moral dilemma surrounding the Israeli military's actions. The moral reputation of the Israeli military establishments, once central to its image, has suffered significant erosion. Additionally, the analysis highlights notable shifts in the perception of power, self-defense, technological and qualitative superiority, and the image of victory.
subject: Studies
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creator: Basim Tweissi
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 42
ending page: 59
doi: 10.31430/ZPIY1162

Palestine Over Two Months
type: item
description: This report documents the most significant Palestinian developments and events related to the Arab–Israeli conflict during the period from November 1 to December 31, 2025.
subject: Documentation
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subject: Array
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rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 156
ending page: 161

Documents of Democratic Transition in the Arab World
type: item
description: This section monitors the most prominent political documents related to democratic transition in the Arab world. In this issue, we publish a document from Egypt covering the period from November 1 to December 31, 2025.
subject: Documentation
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subject: Array
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rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 153
ending page: 155

The Arab State: Origins and Trajectory
type: item
description: Book Title: The Arab State: Origins and Trajectory
subject: Book Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Ahmed Qasem Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 165
ending page: 177
doi: 10.31430/ECIK2933

Milestones in Democratic Transition in the Arab World
type: item
description: This report documents the key milestones in democratic transition in the Arab world during the period from November 1 to December 31, 2025.
subject: Documentation
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rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 149
ending page: 152

Dynamics of Fragility in Arab States: The Impact of Economic, Social, and Political Variables on the Trajectory of Fragility (2006–2024)
type: item
description: This study analyses the dynamics of state fragility in Arab countries from 2006–2024 using the Fragile States Index (FSI, Fund for Peace) and World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI). The findings indicate that state fragility in the Arab world is complex and multidimensional, influenced by domestic structural factors, as well as internal and external shocks. Despite an overall increase in fragility, variations were observed among countries; Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine experienced significant increases, while the Gulf countries remained stable, and Iraq and Morocco showed relative improvement. Based on inflection points in the regional FSI series, the study divides the dynamics of fragility into four phases: relative stability (2006-2011), rising fragility (2012-2016), stability at high fragility levels (2017-2020), and slight improvement in indicators (2021-2024). The findings indicate that higher poverty, malnutrition, and low education exacerbate fragility, whereas improvements in GDP per capita, education, health, and economic openness help reduce it. The study highlights that addressing fragility requires long-term policies focused on enhancing governance, social justice, economic diversification, and human development to build more resilient Arab societies in the face of crises.
subject: Studies
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creator: Maen Ahmed Fawzy Salhab
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 97
ending page: 118
doi: 10.31430/OUZC3208

Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory
type: item
description: This seminal article is one of the founding texts of Critical Theory in International Relations. In this article, Robert Cox advances a critical alternative to traditional International Relations theory by foregrounding the dialectical relationship between social forces, forms of state, and structures of world order, rather than limiting analysis to interactions among states as isolated units. Cox further distinguishes between problem-solving theory, which takes the existing order as a given and seeks to preserve and improve its functioning, and critical theory, which questions the historical conditions that produced that order, exposes its underlying power relations, and illuminates the possibilities for its transformation. He develops the concept of historical structures as continually evolving configurations composed of material capabilities, ideas, and institutions, and reconceptualizes hegemony as a congruence between power, ideology, and institutions, rather than as the mere material preponderance of a single state.
subject: Translated Studies
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creator: Robert W. Cox
creator: Amr Al Mallah
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 145
ending page: 121
doi: 10.31430/IWQA6998

The Erosion of the Arab State in Global and Regional Contexts
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description: The 2011 Arab uprisings sparked hopes for positive change in the regional politics of the Middle East. The uprisings not only challenged the authority of states at the domestic level but seemed poised to disrupt regional geopolitics and alter the position of the Middle East in the international system. With the outbreak of civil wars in Syria, Libya, and Sudan, military interventions in Bahrain and Yemen, and the unprecedented proliferation of armed non- state actors in the region, the uprisings seem to drive important changes in the nature of the state and its regional and international role. Despite its artificial inception and its puzzling survival throughout the 20 th century, the Arab State faces challenges in the post- 2011 era and its vulnerabilities have been exposed. While the uprisings may have weakened Arab states, changes at regional and international levels created permissive conditions to challenge the regional state system. Hamas's 7 October 2023 operation and Israel's ensuing wars in the region have further exacerbated state erosion and reinvigorated post- 2011 regional dynamics. This paper examines how structural international and regional conditions have reshaped statehood and agency in the region post- 2011. It also explores how the responses of Arab states to international conditions and the regional reverberations of the uprisings have further generated disintegrative effects for the Arab state.
subject: Studies
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creator: May Darwich
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 78
ending page: 93
doi: 10.31430/MXAJ6765

Introduction: The Arab State after the Uprisings
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description: We seek, through this special issue, to contribute to the broader scholarly effort aimed at rethinking the trajectory of the formation of the Arab state and its evolution into its current form, by deconstructing its internal structure and analyzing its dynamics in light of its own conditions and contexts. The studies included in this issue also aim to move beyond ready-made and complete interpretive frameworks by approaching the Arab state as a historical, political, and social entity with its own internal logic and distinct paths of development, rather than reducing it to imported explanatory models or external normative projections.
subject: Studies
  topic: section
creator: Bassel F. Salloukh
creator: May Darwich
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 9
ending page: 16
doi: 10.31430/NVGN2433

The Arab State Through the Eyes of its Citizens: An Individual- Level Analysis
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description: Despite the state attracting considerable attention as a topic of study from Arab thinkers and intellectuals since the 19th century, the study of individual-level orientations toward the state using survey data has remained relatively marginal, both in English and in Arabic scholarship. Indeed, we still do not know much about Arab citizens' positions toward many of the debates that have long been present in Arab intellectual circles regarding the ontological nature of the so-called "Arab state" and the preferable ideological form it should take. This study seeks to fill this gap by focusing on the post-2011 period. It analyses how Arab citizens understand the state, the extent to which they distinguish it from the ruling regime, their orientations toward the ideological debate around the unified Arab state versus the nation-state, as well as around the religious Islamist state versus the civil state. It also examines the individual-level determinants of these orientations.
subject: Studies
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creator: Abdelkarim Amengay
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 39
ending page: 77
doi: 10.31430/DWUJ8574

The Political Economy of the Arab State
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description: This study traces the evolution and divergence of state–society relations in the Middle East and North Africa through the lens of social pacts and welfare regimes. It asks how governments across the region have responded to popular mobilization during and after the Arab uprisings, and what these responses reveal about the nature of the Arab state – or, more accurately, Arab states – in the region. By situating post-uprising developments within longer post-independence trajectories, the study traces sharply divergent paths since 2010. These varied responses underscore the absence of a single "Arab state" model. Instead, welfare regimes and social pacts across different types of political economies in the region reflect at least three distinct models of Arab statehood. In the oil-rich Gulf monarchies, fiscal surpluses sustain generous welfare systems and ambitious development strategies, while rulers cautiously promote expanded roles for the private sector under tight control. In middle-income states, initial post-uprising concessions, such as expanded social spending and employment, quickly gave way to austerity, debt crises, targeted assistance, and rising repression, resulting in declining welfare provision and shrinking opportunities for the middle class. In low-income and conflict-affected countries, protracted wars and state fragmentation have devastated welfare infrastructures, leaving humanitarian actors to fill governance vacuums.
subject: Studies
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creator: Melani Cammett
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 58
ending page: 77
doi: 10.31430/GDFP6196

Theorising the Arab State: Alternative Trajectories, Temporalities, and Conceptions
type: item
description: This study advances a new approach to theorizing the Arab state after the popular uprisings. It does this in two steps. Suspending the western European model of state formation and bringing the Arab world's experience in conversation with other parts of the Global South, it examines alternative state formation and state building sequences, trajectories, and temporalities in the making of Arab states. It thus historicizes the process of state formation and state building in the Arab world as compared to the western European one and other regions in the Global South. This first step liberates us from explicit and implicit comparisons with the European model of state formation. The second step surveys alternative theorizations of the Arab state after the uprisings. Tracing the causal assumptions embedded in these theories reveals how much they rely on the European model of state formation and state building as an implicit point of analytic departure and critical comparison. This survey unpacks the assumptions these theories make about the state, the difference between states and regimes, state and non-state actors, the private and public realms, and the formal and informal sectors. The objective of this study is to not only de-exceptionalize states in the Arab world, but, more importantly, borrowing from Gurminder Bhambra, 'unmake' our understandings of state formation and state building in the Arab world and thus contribute, following Walter Mignolo, to a knowledge production that serves a form of 'epistemic reconstitution' of alternative historical trajectories and possibilities.
subject: Studies
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creator: Bassel F. Salloukh
rights: Copyright (c) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 17
ending page: 73
doi: 10.31430/XZQE5503

Milestones in Democratic Transition in Arab World
type: item
description: This report highlights some of the major milestones of the Arab democratic transition. The countries covered include Tunisia, Egypt, Libya,Syria and Yemen.
subject: Documentation
  topic: section
creator: غير محدد
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 غير محدد (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 107
ending page: 111
doi: 10.12816/0029814

Arab Legislatures: Public Perceptions of their Performance
type: item
description: Findings from the Arab Opinion Index show that the Arab public has broadly negative views of the performance of their countries’ legislative councils.
subject: The Arab Index
  topic: section
creator: Public Opinion Polling Unit
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 Public Opinion Polling Unit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 93
ending page: 103
doi: 10.12816/0029813

La Fabricaccion de l’ennemie
type: item
description: La Fabricaccion de l’ennemie [Translated into Arabic]
subject: Book Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Ahmad Jassem al-Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 Ahmad Jassem al-Hussein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 140
ending page: 147
doi: 10.12816/0029819

Palestine Over Two Months
type: item
description: This report chronicles some of the most significant developments relating to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
subject: Documentation
  topic: section
creator: غير محدد
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 غير محدد (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 112
ending page: 120
doi: 10.12816/0029815

Iranian Involvement in East Africa: Repercussions For Gulf National Security
type: item
description: Interest Iranian foreign policy in Africa could be treat back to the sixties of the last twentieth century, when African states attained their independence.
subject: Studies and Analytical Papers
  topic: section
creator: Ali Metwally Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 Ali Metwally Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 71
ending page: 90
doi: 10.12816/0029812

International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity
type: item
description: International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity [Translated into Arabic]
subject: Book Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Ahmed Qasem Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 Ahmed Qasem Hussein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 123
ending page: 134
doi: 10.12816/0029816

Algerian Security Policy: Determinants, Fields and Challenges
type: item
description: Algerian Security Policy: Determinants, Fields and Challenges [Arabic]
subject: Book Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Mohamed Ali Nador
creator: Morsi Moshiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 Mohamed Ali Nador, Morsi Moshiri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 135
ending page: 139
doi: 10.12816/0029817

The Dialectic of Determining the Priority of Night-Watchman State or International Responsibility in Achieving Solidarity an
type: item
description: The changing structure of International Law has always been a contentious issue because of the analytical and practical contradictions imposed by the concept of Solidarity whether its international or humanitarian sense.
subject: Studies and Analytical Papers
  topic: section
creator: Amina Mostefa Della
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 Amina Mostefa Della (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 18
ending page: 33
doi: 10.12816/0029796

Terrorism and Law: Moroccan Security Legislation for Combating Terrorism
type: item
description: Changes in the methods and tactics of terrorist groups have triggered continuous and permanent legislative change nationally and internationally.
subject: Studies and Analytical Papers
  topic: section
creator: Hassan Tareq
creator: Ihsan al-Hafizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2016 Hassan Tareq, Ihsan al-Hafizi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2016-05-01
publication date: 2016-05-01
starting page: 7
ending page: 17
doi: 10.12816/0029795