Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive– Developmental Approach of Lawrence Kohlberg

Authors

  • Author

  • Kohlberg Lawrence

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31430/jlfb2357

Keywords:

Moral Development, Cognitive-developmental Theory, Lawrence Kohlberg, Moralization, Socialization

Abstract

This is a translated text excerpted from Lawrence Kohlberg's (1927-1987) book T he Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. In this text Kohlberg explains his cognitive-developmental theory of moralization. He defends the hypothesis advanced by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980). Stated in broad outline, the Piaget hypothesis says that the child goes through stages or moral development. According to the research undertaken by Kohlberg, these are real moral stages which can be see observed and proved in terms of six basic stages – not two as Piaget suggested—which can be grouped into three levels, each of which has two stages. Every level represents a "form" of moral reasoning, where the second stage is a more advanced and better organized form of the main idea of each level. Kohlberg claims that his stages form a universal invariant sequence , and there is a parallelism between the stages of moral and logical development. Logical development is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for moral development.

References

  1. Lawrence Kohlberg, "Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive–Developmental Approach to Socialization," in: D.A. Goslin (ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1971).
  2. Lawrence Kohlberg, "The Development of Moral Character and Ideology," in: Lois Wladis Hoffman & Martin L. Hoffman (eds.), Review of Child Development Research , vol. 1 (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1964); Kohlberg, "Stage and Sequence."
  3. Lawrence Kohlberg, Cognitive–Developmental Theory and the Practice of Collective Moral Education (New York: Gordon & Breach, 197l).
  4. Jean Piaget, Six Psychological Studies (New York: Random House, 1967).
  5. Kuhn Langer, Lawrence Kohlberg & N.S. Haan, "The Development of Formal Operations in Logical and Moral Judgment," Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol. 95, no. 1 (1977).
  6. Kohlberg, "Stage and Sequence."
  7. Robert L. Selman, "The Development of Social–Cognitive Understanding: A Guide to Education and Clinical Practice," in: Robert. L. Selman & Thomas Lickona (eds.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social Issues (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976).
  8. فرقة من فرق المسيحية نشأت عن حركة تدعى "تلاميذ الإنجيل"، تأسست سنة 1870 على يد القس تشارلز تاز رسل Russell Taze Charles (1916–1852). (المترجم)
  9. هي معضلة مشهورة لدى المختصين في دراسة الأخلاق وتعليمها. وكان لورانس كولبرغ يقدم معضلات أخلاقية أو مواقف افتراضية، على الشخص أن يتخذ إزاءها قرارات صعبة، حول ما عليه القيام به ولماذا؟ وهي من أشهر المعضلات التي اعتمدها لورانس كولبرغ. (هيئة التحرير)
  10. المترتبة على المتابعة التطورية للعمر. (المترجم)
  11. Lawrence Kohlberg, "The Development of Modes of Moral Thinking and Choice in the Years Ten to Sixteen," PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1958 (Unpublished); Kohlberg, "Stage and Sequence."
  12. عبارة عن عنصر كيماوي مُشع، يمتاز بلونه الأبيض النقي، استخدم في علاج بعض الأمراض السرطانية الوخيمة، وكذلك بعض الأمراض المستعصية. (هيئة التحرير)
  13. Lawrence Kohlberg & Richard Kramer, "Continuities and Discontinuities in Childhood and Adult Moral Development," Human Development , vol. 12, no. 2 (1969), pp. 93–120; Richard Kramer, "Moral Development in Young Adulthood," PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1968. (Unpublished)
  14. ينظر 1:(Lawrence Kohlberg, The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages , vol. 2 (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), Chap. 6; Elliot Turiel, "Conflict and Transition in Adolescent Moral Development," Child Development, vol. 45, no. 1 (1974), pp. 634–637.
  15. Anne Colby & Lawrence Kohlberg, The Measurement of Moral judgment , vol. 1–2 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
  16. Jane Loevinger & Ruth Wessler, Measuring Ego Development , vol. 1 (San Francisco: Jossey–Bass Inc Pub, 1970).
  17. Lawrence Kohlberg, "From Is to Ought: How to Commit the Naturalistic Fallacy and Get Away with It in the Study of Moral Development," in: T. Mischel (ed.), Cognitive Development and Epistemology (New York: Academic Press,
  18. باحث أميركي مختص في علم النفس الأخلاقي Psychology Moral، سلك منهج لورانس كولبرغ في دراسة التفكير الأخلاقي. (هيئة التحرير)
  19. Jean Piaget, The Moral judgment of the Child (Glencoe: Free Press, 1965).
  20. James Mark Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development (New York: Macmillan, 1906).
  21. Norman Bull, Moral Education (London: Routledge, 1969).
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  23. O.J. Harvey, David E. Hunt & Harold M. Schroder, Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization (New York: Wiley, 1961).
  24. Leonard Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution: A Study in Comparative Ethics (New York: Holt, 1923).
  25. Kohlberg, "The Development of Moral Character."
  26. William McDougal, An Introduction to Social Psychology (London: Methuen, 1908).
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  28. Justin Aronfreed, Conduct and Conscience: The Socialization of Internalized Control Over Behavior (New York: Academic Press, 1968).
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  32. Daniel Miller & Edwin Swanson, Inner Conflict and Defense (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960).
  33. Robert R. Sears, Lucy Rau & Richard Alpert, Identification and Child–Rearing (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965).
  34. John W.M. Child & Irvin L. Whiting, Child Training and Personality; A Cross–Cultural Study (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953). Aronfreed, Justin. Conduct and Conscience: The Socialization of Internalized Control over Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1968. Baldwin, James Mark. Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development. New York: Macmillan, 1906. Bandura, Albert & Richard Walters. Adolescent Aggression. New York: Ronald, 1959. Berkowitz, Leonard. Development of Motives and Values in the Child. New York: Basic Books, 1964. Bull, Norman. Moral Education. London: Routledge, 1969. Candee, Daniel & Lawrence Kohlberg. "Moral Judgment and Moral Action: A Reanalysis of Haan, Smith, and Block’s (1968) Free Speech Movement Data." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. vol. 52, no. 3 (1987). Colby, Anne & Lawrence Kohlberg. The Measurement of Moral Judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  35. J.C. Flugel, Man, Morals, and Society: A Psychoanalytic Study (New York: International Universities, 1955).
  36. Lawrence Kohlberg, "Moral Development and Identification," in: H. Stevenson (ed.), Child Psychology: 62 nd Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963).
  37. Daniel Candee & Lawrence Kohlberg, "Moral Judgment and Moral Action: A Reanalysis of Haan, Smith, and Block’s (1968) Free Speech Movement data," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol. 52, no. 3 (1987), pp. 554–564. (المترجم) Dewey, John & James Tufts. Ethics. New York: Holt, 1932. Flugel, J.C. Man, Morals, and Society: A Psychoanalytic Study. New York: International Universities, 1955. Goslin, D.A. (ed.). Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1971. Harvey, O.J., David E. Hunt & Harold M. Schroder. Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization. New York: Wiley, 1961. Hobhouse, Leonard. Morals in Evolution: A Study in Comparative Ethics. New York: Holt, 1923. Hoffman, Lois Wladis & Martin L. Hoffman (eds.). Review of Child Development Research. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1964. Hoffman, Michael. "Conscience, Personality and Socialization Techniques." Human Development. vol. 13, no. 2 (1970). Kohlberg, Lawrence & Richard Kramer. "Continuities and Discontinuities in Childhood and Adult Moral Development." Human Development. vol. 12, no. 2 (1969). Kohlberg, Lawrence. "The Development of Modes of Moral Thinking and Choice in the Years Ten to Sixteen." PhD Dissertation. University of Chicago, 1958. (Unpublished) ________. Cognitive–Developmental Theory and the Practice of Collective Moral Education. New York: Gordon & Breach, 197l. ________. The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. New York: Harper & Row, 1984. Kramer, Richard. "Moral Development in Young Adulthood." PhD Dissertation. University of Chicago, 1968. (Unpublished) Langer, Kuh, Lawrence Kohlberg & N.S. Haan. "The Development of Formal Operations in Logical and Moral Judgment." Genetic Psychology Monographs. vol. 95, no. 1 (1977). Loevinger, Jane & Ruth Wessler. Measuring Ego Development. San Francisco: Jossey– Bass Inc Pub, 1970. McDougal, William. An Introduction to Social Psychology. London: Methuen, 1908. Mead, George Herbert. Mind, Self, and Society: The Definitive Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934. Miller, Daniel & Edwin Swanson. Inner Conflict and Defense. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960. Piaget, Jean. Six Psychological Studies. New York: Random House, 1967. ________. The Moral Judgment of the Child. Glencoe: Free Press, 1965. Sears, Robert R., Lucy Rau & Richard Alpert. Identification and Child–Rearing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965.
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2021-05-01

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Vol. 10 No. 038 (2021): Issue 038

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