Hamilton Gibb and His Works on Islam and the Crusades: Between the Mirror of Orientalism and History

Authors

  • Author

  • Ahmed Mohamed Sheir

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31430/stmf3157

Keywords:

Hamilton Gibb, Orientalism, Islamic Civilisation, Crusades

Abstract

This study evaluates the works of the prominent British Orientalist Hamilton Gibb, who contributed to Islamic studies in the 20th century, particularly through his book Studies on the Civilization of Islam and his research on the Crusades. The study approaches his works first from an Orientalist perspective, which examines the intellectual backgrounds that shaped Western perceptions of Islam, and second, from a historical perspective, which analyses his methodology in treating Islamic texts as living material, combining textual investigation with historical analysis. The study focuses on how he handled the dichotomy of "Western" and "Islamic" narratives and seeks to re-evaluate his standing not only as a historian but as an influential actor who contributed to shaping the West's understanding of Islamic history, while offering a critical reading of his works and methodology.

References

  1. George Makdis, "Sir Hamilton Alexander Roskeen Gibb January 2, 1895 - October 22, 1971," Journal of the American Oriental Society , vol. 93, no. 4 (1973), pp. 133-134; A.K.S. Lambton, "Sir Hamilton Alexander Roskeen Gibb," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , vol. 35, no. 2 (1972), pp. 338-345; Albert Hourani, "Sir Hamilton Gibb," Proceedings of the British Academy , no. 58 (1972), pp. 493-523; ينظر أيضًا: محمد مؤنس عوض، الحروب الصليبية في مؤلفات المؤرخين الغربيين المحدثين (القاهرة: مكتبة كلية الآداب، 2016)، ص 133 - 142؛ عبد الرحمن بدوي، موسوعة المستشرقين (بيروت: دار العلم للملايين، 1993)، ص 173 - 174؛ ناصر جاسم الملا، الاستشراق البريطاني في القرن العشرين: المستشرق هاملتون جب عميد الدراسات العربية (القاهرة: دار رؤية للنشر والتوزيع، 2017)؛ ألبرت حوراني، "هاملتون جب: إنجازات مستشرق"، ترجمة سلام فوزي، الفكر العربي، مج 31، العدد 5 (1983)، ص 373 - 399؛ محمد طارق، "هاملتون. أ. جب ودوره في دراسة التاريخ العربي"، أطروحة دكتوراه، كلية الدراسات العليا، الجامعة الأردنية، 2012.
  2. Makdis, pp. 133-134.
  3. William R. Polk, "Islam and the West," International Journal of Middle East Studies , vol. 6, no. 2 (1975), pp. 131–139. 4 ينظر: محمد مؤنس عوض، الحروب الصليبية في مؤلفات المؤرخين المصريين المحدثين (القاهرة: مكتبة الآداب، 2017)؛ عوض، الحروب الصليبية في مؤلفات المؤرخين الغربيين المحدثين؛ مصعب حمادي نجم الزيدي، الحروب الصليبية: في كتابات المؤرخين الأوروبيين والأمريكيين حتى نهاية القرن العشرين (بيروت: دار النهضة العربية، 2021)؛ Ahmed Sheir, "The Historiographical Memory of the Crusades in Nineteenth-Century Egypt," in: A. Baadj & A. Sheir (eds.), The Memory and Historiography of the Crusades in the Modern Arab World (Budapest: Trivent publishing, 2025); Ahmed Sheir, "Between Peace and War: The Peaceful Memory of the Crusades from the Middle Ages to the Modern Arabic-Egyptian Writings," in: Ali Elsayed, Abdallah al-Nagger & Ahmed Sheir (eds.), Studies in Peace-building History between East and West through the Middle Ages and Modern Era , vol. 2 of the History of Peacebuilding Project (Cairo: Sanabil Bookshop, 2019), pp. 145-164.
  4. Hamilton Gibb,"The Millenary of Ibn Sina," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , vol. 14 (1952), pp. 496-500.
  5. Hamilton Gibb, The Life of Saladin: From the Works of 'Imad ad-Din and Baha' ad-Din (New York/ London: Oxford University Press, 1973); Hamilton Gibb, "The Arabic Sources for the Life of Saladin," Speculum , vol. 25, no. 1 (1950), pp. 58-72; Hamilton Gibb, "The Achievement of Saladin," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library , vol. 35 (1952-1953), pp. 44-60; Hamilton Gibb, "Al-Barq al-Shami: The History of Saladin by the Katib 'Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani," Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes , vol. 52 (1953), pp. 93-115.
  6. Makdis, pp. 133-134.
  7. رمضان حميدة محمد أبو علي، "رؤية المستشرق هاملتون جب لمعوقات الوحدة الإسلامية من خلال كتاب وجهة الإسلام: دراسة تحليلية"، حولية كلية الدعوة الإسلامية بالقاهرة، مج 1، العدد 33 (2021)، ص 202 - 254.
  8. 1 صدرت مئات الأعمال التي تناولت الاستشراق بأبعاده المتعددة والمتشابكة في مختلف فروع العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية. وللاطلاع على بعضٍ من أبرز هذه الدراسات، يمكن الاسترشاد بالمراجع التالية: إدوارد سعيد، الاستشراق: المفاهيم الغربية عن الشرق، ترجمة محمد عناني (القاهرة: رؤية للنشر والتوزيع، 2006)؛ مصطفى السباعي، الاستشراق والمستشرقون: ما لهم وما عليهم (القاهرة: دار الوراق، [د. ت.])؛ أحمد درويش، الاستشراق الفرنسي والأدب العربي (دراسات أدبية) (القاهرة: الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، 1997)؛ بدوي؛ عبد الحميد عبد المنعم مدكور، نظرات في حركة الاستشراق (القاهرة، دار الثقافة، 1990)؛ رودي باريت، الدراسات العربية والإسلامية في الجامعات الألمانية: المستشرقون الألمان منذ تيودور نولدكه، ترجمة مصطفى ماهر (القاهرة: دار الكتاب العربي، 1967). 11 بدوي، ص 173 - 174؛ عوض، الحروب الصليبية في مؤلفات المؤرخين الغربيين المحدثين، ص 134.
  9. Hamilton Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam , Stanford J. Shaw & William R. Polk (eds.) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962), pp. xiv, 369; ينظر ترجمته: هاملتون جب، دراسات في حضارة الإسلام، ترجمة إحسان عباس ومحمد نجم ومحمود زايد (بيروت: دار العلم للملايين، 1979.)
  10. Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam , p. 9.
  11. Hamilton Gibb, "An interpretation of Islamic History," in: Ibid., pp. 3-33.
  12. Hamilton Gibb, "Evolution of Government in Early Islam," in: Ibid., pp. 34-46; Hamilton Gibb, "Government and Islam under the Early 'Abbasids. The Political Collapse of Islam," in: Hamilton Gibb (ed.), L'élaboration de l'Islam (Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 1961), pp. 115-127.
  13. Hamilton Gibb, "Arab-Byzantine Relations under the Umayyad Caliphate," in: Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam , pp. 47-61.
  14. Hamilton Gibb, "The Social Significance of the Shuubiya," in: Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam , pp. 62-73.
  15. Ibid., pp. 108-139.
  16. Hamilton Gibb, "Some Considerations on the Sunni Theory of the Caliphate," in: Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam , pp. 141-150.
  17. Hamilton Gibb, "Al-Mawardi's Theory of the Caliphate," in: Ibid., pp. 151-165.
  18. Hamilton Gibb, "The Islamic Background of Ibn Khaldun's Political Theory," in: Ibid., pp. 166-175.
  19. Hamilton Gibb, "The Structure of Religious Thought in Islam," in: Ibid., pp. 176-218.
  20. Hamilton Gibb, "Reflections on Arabic Literature," in: Ibid., pp. 219-244.
  21. 52 للمزيد عن هذا العمل لجب، ينظر عرض أرنولد توينبي: Arnold J. Toynbee, "The Arab Conquests in Central Asia by H. A. R. Gibb," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , vol. 2, no. 4 (1923), pp. 650-652.
  22. Hamilton Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia , James G. Forlong Fund, vol. II (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1923).
  23. Hamilton Gibb, Arabic Literature: An Introduction (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963). 27 بدوي، ص 174.
  24. Hamilton Gibb, "Pre-Islamic Monotheism in Arabia," The Harvard Theological Review , vol. 55, no. 4 (1962), pp. 269-280.
  25. Bernard Lewis & Peter Malcolm Holt (eds.), Historians of the Middle East , vol. 4 of Historical Writing on the Peoples of Asia (London/ New York: Oxford University Press, 1962).
  26. Hamilton Gibb, Mohammedanism: An Historical Survey , 2 nd ed. (London/ New York: Oxford University Press, 1962).
  27. Hamilton Gibb et al. (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2004).
  28. Hamilton Gibb & Richard Walzer, "Akhlak," in: Encyclopédie de l'Islam, Pt. 1 (1960), pp. 335-339
  29. Hamilton Gibb, Modern Trends in Islam (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1947).
  30. H. A. R. Gibb & Harold Bowen, Islamic Society and the West. vol. I: Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century , Part I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 386.
  31. H. A. R. Gibb & Harold Bowen, Islamic Society and the West: A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East. vol. I, Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century, Part II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1957), p. 285.
  32. Hamilton Gibb (trans. & ed.), The Travels of Ibn Battuta , A.D. 1325-1354. Translated with Revisions and Notes form the Arabic Texts, vol. 1-4 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1958–2000).
  33. Hamilton Gibb, "The Influence of Islamic Culture on Medieval Europe," in: Change in Medieval Society. Europe North of the Alps 1050-1520 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964), pp. 155-167.
  34. Hamilton Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (London: Luzac & Co., 1932).
  35. Gibb, The Life of Saladin.
  36. Gibb, "Al-Barq al-Shami: The History of Saladin by the Kātib Imad al-Din al-Isfahani."
  37. Hamilton Gibb, "The Armies of Saladin," in: Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam , pp. 74-88.
  38. Hamilton Gibb, "Achievements of Saladin," in: Ibid., pp. 89-107.
  39. Kenneth Meyer Setton, A History of the Crusades , vol. 1-6 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1958-1989).
  40. Hamilton Gibb, "Notes on the Arabic Materials for the History of the Early Crusades," Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies , vol. 7, no. 4 (1935), pp. 739-754.
  41. Hamilton Gibb, "The Caliphate and the Arab State," "Zengi and the Fall of Edessa," pp. 449-463, "The Career of Nur-ad-Din," "The Rise of Saladin, 1169-1189," in: Kenneth Meyer Setton (eds.), A History of The Crusades , vol. 1 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 81-99, 449-463, 513-527, 563-589.
  42. Hamilton Gib, "The Ayyubids," in: Kenneth Meyer Setton (ed.), A History of The Crusades , vol. 2 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1962), pp. 693-714.
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