التاريخ الجزئي شيئان أو ثلاثة أشياء أعرفها عنه

المؤلفون

  • مؤلفون

  • كارلو غينسبورغ
  • ثائر ديب

الكلمات المفتاحية:

التاريخ الجزئي الإيطالي، التاريخ الحدثيّ، التاريخ المحلي، التاريخ القصير، التاريخ المتسلسل

الملخص

تعيد هذه المقالة بناء سلسلة النَّسب الفكري لمدرسة "التاريخ الجزئي" Microhistory وصولًا إلى لحظتها لدى مؤرّخيها الإيطالين الذين ينتمي إليهم الكاتب. هكذا، تتقصّى هذه المقالة، على نحوٍ راجع، أصول مصطلح "التاريخ الجزئي" لدى مختلف الباحثين والأدباء والمؤرّخين وصولًا إلى استخدامه لدى المدرسة الإيطالية. وتكتشف، في سياق ذلك، ضروبًا من التشابه والتباين في هذه الاستخدامات تعود إلى ما يقف خلفها من مقاربات مختلفة، بل متضادة في بعض الأحيان. تبيّن المقالة، إذًا، ما يصل، وما يقطع، بين "التاريخ الجزئي" من جهة، و"التاريخ الحدثيّ" و"التاريخ المحلي" و"التاريخ القصير" و"التاريخ الجديد" وسوى ذلك، من جهة أخرى. ففي "التاريخ الجزئي" ثمة تضافر لمجموعة من الخصال والمزايا، منها اختزال نطاق الرصد والملاحظة، والتحليل الدقيق لوثائق محددة، ورفض الاختيار بين السيرة الفردية والتاريخ المتسلسل، والاهتمام بالسرد، وتحويل ما يواجه التوثيق من عقبات وفرضيات وشكوك وانعدام لليقين إلى جزء من السرد، وتحويل البحث عن الحقيقة إلى جزء من عَرْضِ الحقيقة المتحصّلة الناقصة بالضرورة، والوعي الواضح بأنّ جميع الأطوار التي يتكشّف من خلالها البحث هي أطوار مبنيّة بناءً وليست معطاةً أو مسبّقة، والإلحاح على السياق سواء كان الموضوع ذا أهمية معترف بها أو من عوالم قليلة الشأن، بحيث تغدو العلاقة بين البعد الجزئي والبعد السياقي الأكبر المبدأ الناظم في السرد.

المراجع

  1. George R. Stewart, "The Regional Approach to Literature," College English 9 (April 1948), pp. 370 - 375.
  2. George R. Stewart, Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack on Gettysburg, July 3 , 1863 (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), pp. viii.
  3. Luis Gonzalez y Gonzalez, Pueblo en vilo: Microhistoria de San José de Gracia (Mexico: El Colegio de Mexico, 1968), p. 2: "La pequenez, pero la pequenez tipica" (the reference to Leuilliot, p. 16); Luis Gonzalez, San José de Gracia: Mexican Village in Transition , John Upton (trans.), (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1974).
  4. Luis Aboites, La revolucin mexicana en Espita , 1910 - 1940: Microhistoria de la formacin del Estado de la revolucin (Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social, 1982).
  5. Luis Gonzalez y Gonzalez, "El arte de la microhistoria," in: Invitacin a la microhistoria (Mexico: Sepsetentas, 1973), pp. 12 , 14.
  6. Ibid., p. 13. Introduction was reprinted partially under the title: "Histoire et sociologie," in: Fernand Braudel, Écrits sur l′Histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1969), pp. 97 - 122 (now in English: F. Braudel, On History , Sarah Matthews (trans.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
  7. Braudel, "History and Sociology," in: On History , Sara Matthews (trans.), (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 74 - 75 ; Braudel, "Histoire et sociolgie," Écrits sur l'Histoire (Paris: Flammarion, 1969), pp. 97 - 122. "Le fait divers (sinon l'événement, ce socio- drame) est répétition, régularité, multitude et rien ne dit, de façon absolue, que son niveau soit sans fertilité, ou valeur, scientifique. Il faudrait y regarder de près".
  8. See the section entitled: "Fait divers, fait d′histoire," with contributions by Maria Pia Di Bella, et al., Annales: Economics, Sociétés, Civilisations 38 (July-August 1983), pp. 821 - 919. Michelle Perrot, "Fait divers et histoire au XIXe siècle," p. 917. Georges Charachidzé, La Mémoire indo-européenne du Caucase (Paris: Hachette, 1987), pp. 131 - 132. "Ce que j′avais voulu appeler, par jeu, 'microhistoire'." Raymond Queneau, The Blue Flowers, Barbara Wright (trans.), (New York: Atheneum, 1967). Raymond Queneau, Les fleurs bleues (Paris: Gallimard, 1965), pp. 84 - 85. "Que voulez-vous savoir au juste?" "Ce que tu penses de l′histoire universelle en général et de l′histoire générale en particulier. J′écoute". "Je suis bien fatigue, dit le chapelain". "Tu te reposeras plus tard. Dis-mois, ce Concile de Bâle, est-ce de l′histoire universelle?" "Oui-da. De l′histoire universelle en général". "Et mes petits canons?" "De l′histoire générale en particulier". "Et le mariage des mes filles?" "A peine de l′histoire événementielle. De la microhistoire, tout au plus". "De la quoi? hurle le duc d'Auge. Quel diable de langage est-ce là? Serait-ce aujourd′hui ta Pentecôte?" "Veuillez m'excuser, messire. C'est, voyez-vous, la fatigue". Ruggiero Romano, "Un modèle pour l'histoire," in: Raymond Queneau , Andrée Bergens (ed.), (Paris: Éditions de lHerne, 1975), p. 288.
  9. See: L. Gonzales [sic], Les Barrières de la solitude: Histoire universelle de San José de Gracia, village mexicain , Anny Meyer (trans.), (Paris: Plon, 1977). The Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, ed. Salvatore Battaglia, 10 vols. (Turin: UTET, 1961 - 1978), 10: 365.
  10. Primo Levi, The Periodic Table , Raymond Rosenthal (trans.), (New York: Schocken Books, 1984), p. 224.
  11. See: Italo Calvino, Il barone rampante (Turin: Einaudi, 1957). Now available in English, entitled: The Baron in the Trees, Archibald Colquhoun (trans.), (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1959). Opere , 3 vols. (Turin: Einaudi, 1987 - 1990), I: xvii. Calvino, I libri degli altri: Lettere, 1947 - 1981 , ed. Giovanni Tesio (Turin: Einaudi, 1991), pp. 382 - 383 ; Il sistema periodico (p. 606); Severino Cesari, Colloquio con Giulio Einaudi (Rome: Theoria, 1991), p. 173.
  12. See: Queneau, Piccola cosmogonia portatile, Sergio Solmi (trans.), (Turin: Einaudi, 1982), followed by Calvino′s "Piccola guida alla Piccola cosmogonia ," p. 162 ; See also: Levi, L′altrui mestier e (Turin: Einaudi, 1985), pp. 150 - 154 (trans. R. Rosenthal as: Other People's Trades [New York: Summit Books, 1989]), and the declaration by Carlo Carena in: Cesari, Colloquio con Giulio Einaudi , p. 172. Raul Merzario, Il paese stretto: Strategie matrimoniali nella diocesi di Como nei secoli XVI-XVIII (Turin: Einaudi, 1981).
  13. See: Edoardo Grendi, "Micro-analisi e storia sociale," Quaderni storici 35 (August 1977), pp. 506 - 520.
  14. Richard Cobb, Raymond Queneau , [The Zaharoff Lecture for 1976] (Oxford: Clarendon, 1976).
  15. R. Queneau, Une histoire modèle (Paris: Gallimard, 1966) [but written in 1942]; R. Queneau, Bâtons, chiffres et lettres , enlarged edition (Paris: Gallimard, 1965), pp. 170 - 172 , an article that had appeared in the Front National, 5 January 1945. Segni, cifre e lettere e altri saggi (Turin: Einaudi, 1981), especially pp. xix-xx (a different and larger collection than the French edition of the same title).
  16. See: Cobb, A Sense of Place (London: Duckworth, 1975), about which see Grendi, "Lo storico e la didattica incosciente (Replica a una discussion)," Quaderni Storici 46 (April 1981), pp. 338 - 346. Gonzalez y Gonzalez, "De la multiple utilizacion de la historia," in: Carlos Pereyra (ed.), Historia? para qué? (Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores, 1990), pp. 55 - 74.
  17. See: Traian Stoianovich, French Historical Method: The "Annales" Paradigm (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976), Giovanni Levi, "On Microhistory," in: Peter Burke (ed.), New Perspectives on Historical Writing (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), pp. 93 - 113 , especially pp. 93 - 94 ; See also: Levi, Inheriting Power: The Story of an Exorcist , Lydia G. Cochrane (trans.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).
  18. See: Mélanges en l'honneur de Fernand Braudel , vol. 2 , Méthodologie de l'histoire et des sciences humaines (Toulouse: Privat, 1973), pp. 105 - 125 , 227 – 243. " L'histoire et 'l'homme sauvage" & "L'historien et l'homme quotidien". Pierre Nora (ed.), Essais d'ego- histoire (Paris: Gallimard, 1987).
  19. Pierre Chaunu, "Un nouveau champ pour l'histoire sérielle," p. 109.
  20. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, "L'historien et l'ordinateur," 1968 (), in: Ladurie, Le territoire de l'historien (Paris: Gallimard, 1973), p. 14 ; now in English as: "The Historian and the Computer," in: Ladurie, The Territory of the Historian, Ben Reynolds and Siân Reynolds (trans.), (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979); Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou, village occitan de 1294 à 1314 (Paris: Gallimard, 1975 ; reprinted 1982); and in English as: Montaillou, the Promised Land of Error (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).
  21. See: Furet, "L'histoire et 'l'homme sauvage'," p. 232. Jacques Revel, "L'histoire au ras du sol," introduction to G. Levi, Le pouvoir au village: Histoire d'un exorciste dans le Piémont du septième siècle , Monique Aymard (trans.), (Paris: Gallimard, 1989), pp. i-xxxiii. J. Revel, "Micro-analyse et reconstitution du social," in: Ministère de la Recherche de la Technologie: Colloque “Anthropologie contemporaine et anthropologie historique ,” no. 2 , pp. 24 - 37 , text prepared for the Marseilles colloquium, 24 - 26 September 1992.
  22. See: La nouvelle histoire , Jacques Le Goff, Roger Chartier & Jacques Revel (eds.), (Paris: Retz, 1978); See also: the introductory essay by Peter Burke to New Perspectives on Historical Writing , pp. 1 - 23.
  23. See: Georges Duby, Le dimanche de Bouvines, 27 Juillet 1214 (Paris: Gallimard, 1985), pp. 7 - 8 (1 st ed., 1973): "L'histoire... qu'on devait dire, plus tard et abusivement, 'nouvelle' (je dis abusivement, car la plupart des interrogations que nous fumes si fiers de forger, nos prédécesseurs, avant que ne s'appesantisse la chape du positivisme, les avaient formulées dans le second tiers du XIXe siècle)." See, in this regard, the extremely instructive book by: Charles Rearick, Beyond Enlightenment: Historians and Folklore in Nineteenth- Century France (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974).
  24. See: J. Le Goff , "Les mentalités: Une histoire ambigüe," in: J. Le Goff & P. Nora (eds.), Faire l'histoire , 3 vols. (Paris: Gallimard, 1974),
  25. Philippe Ariès, "L'histoire des mentalités," in: Le Goff, Chartier & Revel, La nouvelle histoire , p. 411.
  26. P. Ariès and Michel Winock, Un historien du dimanche (Paris: Seuil, 1980).
  27. Alf Lüdtke (ed.), Alltagsgeschichte: Zur Rekonstruktion historischer Erfahrungen und Lebensweisen (Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 1989); Geoff Eley, "Labor History, Social History, Alltagsgeschichte: Experience, Culture, and the Politics of the Everyday-A New Direction for German Social History?" Journal of Modern History 61 (June 1989), pp. 297 - 343.
  28. Furet, "L'histoire et 'l'homme sauvage'," p. 230: 'Il n'ya rien d'étonnant à ce que, en même temps qu'elle [la grande histoire du XIX siècle] cherche désespérément à sauver son impérialisme comme porteuse de la 'modernisation,' elle retourne à l'ethnologie comme consciente de ses échecs".
  29. Ibid., p. 232. "Clues: Roots of an Evidential Paradigm," in: Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method , John Tedeschi & Anne C. Tedeschi (trans.), (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), pp. 96 - 125.
  30. Now available in English: The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries , John Tedeschi & Anne Tedeschi (trans.), (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983); Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath , Raymond Rosenthal (trans.), (New York: Pantheon, 1991).
  31. Now available in English: Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth- Century Miller , John Tedeschi & Anne Tedeschi (trans.), (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. xx.
  32. See: Michel Vovelle, "Histoire sérielle ou 'case studies': vrai ou faux dilemme en histoire des mentalités," in: Histoire sociale, sensibilités collectives et mentalités. Mélanges Robert Mandrou (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985), pp. 39 - 49.
  33. R. Chartier, "Intellectual History or Sociocultural History? The French Trajectories," in: Dominick La Capra and Steven L. Kaplan (eds.), Modern Europe an Intellectual History: Reappraisals and New Perspectives (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982), p. 32 ; the emphasis is mine.
  34. Furet, "L'histoire et 'l'homme sauvage'," p. 231. Lawrence Stone, "The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New History," Past and Present , no. 85 (November 1979), pp. 3 - 24. J. Le Goff, Pour un autre Moyen Age , Critique , no. 395 (April 1980), pp. 345 - 354. Raymond Queneau , p. 7. The Cheese and the Worms , pp. 110 - 112. Clues, Myths and the Historical Method , pp. 156 - 164 , 220 - 221. "Histoire et sciences sociales: Un tournant critique?" Annales: Economics, Sociétés, Civilisations 43 (March-April 1988), pp. 292 - 293.
  35. See: Isaiah Berlin, "The Hedgehog and the Fox: An Essay on Tolstoy's View of History," in: Henry Hardy and Aileen Kelly (eds.), Russian Thinkers (London: Hogarth Press, 1978), pp. 22 - 81. Paul Boyer, chez Tolstoï: Entretiens à Iasnaïa Poliana (Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves, 1950), p. 40 ; quoted also in Berlin, "The Hedgehog and the Fox," p. 56 ; Nicola Chiaromonte, Credere o non credere (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1993). I am grateful to Claudio Fogu for the reference.
  36. Duby, Le dimanche de Bouvines.
  37. See: Otto Benesch, Der Maler Albrecht Altdorfer (Vienna: Scholl, 1939): "Makrokosmos und Mikrokosmos werden eins" (p. 31). Ginzburg, Spurensicherungen: Über verborgene Geschichte, Kunst und soziales Gedächtnis , trans. from the Italian by Karl Friedrich Hauber (Berlin: Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, 1983), pp. 14 - 15 ; "Di tutti i doni che porto a Kaisàre... Leggere il film scrivere la storia," Storie e Storia 5 1983 (), pp. 5 - 17. Federico Fellini, Comments on Films , Joseph Henry (trans.), Giovanni Grazzini (ed.), (Fresno: California State University Press, [1983] 1988), p. 66. Reinhart Koselleck, Vergangene Zukunft: Zur Semantik geschichtlicher Zeiten (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1979).
  38. Paul Oskar Kristeller, "foreword," in: Siegfried Kracauer, History: The Last Things before the Last 1969 (), (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1995), p. xiv.
  39. Ibid., p. 134. Martin Jay, "The Extraterritorial Life of Siegfried Kracauer," Salmagundi , nos. 31 - 32 (Fall 1975 -Winter 1976), p. 87.
  40. Jay, "The Extraterritorial Life," p. 62 , on Minima moralia ; p. 63 , on Kracauer's diffidence toward the category of "totality"; and p. 50 , on the connection, in Kracauer's thought, between "wholeness and death."; See also, Jay, "Adorno and Kracauer: Notes on a Troubled Friendship," Salmagundi , no. 40 (Winter 1978), pp. 42 - 66 ; Marxism and Totality: The Adventures of a Concept from Lukacs to Habermas (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 245 - 246 , passim. Remo Bodei, introduction, in: Theodor W. Adorno, Il gergo dell'autenticità [Jargon der Eigentlichkeit: Zur deutschen Ideologie] , (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1989), p. vii. Clues, Myths, and the Historical Method , p. ix.
  41. Viktor Shlovskii [Sklovskij], Materiali e leggi di trasformazione stilistica: Saggio su 'Guerra e Pace,' Monica Guerrini (trans.), (Parma: Pratiche, 1978).
  42. Renato Serra, Scritti letterari, morali e politici , Mario Isnenghi (ed.), (Turin: Einaudi, 1974), pp. 278 - 288. Here I am returning to ideas I expressed in "Just One Witness" (chap. 12 in this volume).
  43. R. Serra, Epistolario , Luigi Ambrosini, Giuseppe De Robertis & Alfredo Grilli (eds.), (Florence: Le Monnier, 1934), pp. 453 - 454.
  44. B. Croce, History: Its Theory and Practice , Douglas Ainslie (trans.), (New York: Russell & Russell, [1915] 1960), p. 55.
  45. Serra, letter to Croce, 11 Nov. 1912 , Epistolario di Renato Serra , p. 459. Serra's differences with Croce have been noted in Eugenio Garin, "Serra e Croce," in: Scritti in onore di Renato Serra: Per il cinquantenario della morte (Florence: Le Monnier, 1974), pp. 85 - 88.
  46. Serra, Scritti letterari , pp. 286 - 287.
  47. See chap. 4 , "Proofs and Possibilities." La strada di San Giovanni (Milan: Mondadori, 1991), pp. 75 - 85 (trans. Tim Parks as The Road to San Giovanni [New York: Pantheon Books, 1993]).
  48. F. R. Ankersmit, "Historiography and Postmodernism," History and Theory 28 , no. 2 (1989), pp. 137 - 153 (esp. pp. 143 , 149 - 150). Perez Zagorin, "Historiography and Postmodernism: Reconsiderations," History and Theory 29 , no. 3 (1990), pp. 263 - 274. " Reply to Professor Zagorin," pp. 275 - 296. "The Biography of Ordinary Men," (1928) in: Skyscrapers and Other Essays (London: Macmillan, 1931), pp. 44 - 53.
  49. By Levi, see "I pericoli del geertzismo," Quaderni Storici 58 (April 1985), pp. 269 - 277 ; and "On Microhistory." See also, in the present volume, "Proofs and Possibilities" (chap. 4); "Description and Citation" (chap. 1); "Just One Witness" (chap. 12); See also my "Checking the Evidence: The Judge and the Historian," Critical Inquiry 18 (Autumn 1991), pp. 79 - 92 ; as well as "The Inquisitor as Anthropologist" (cited in full at no. 55). New Perspectives on Historical Writing , pp. 3 - 4. Ginzburg, Indagini su Piero: Il Battesimo, il ciclo di Arezzo, la Flagellazione (Turin: Einaudi, 1981 ; new ed., 1994), (trans. Martin Ryle and Kate Soper as The Enigma of Piero della Francesca: The Baptism, the Arezzo Cycle, the Flagellation [London: Verso, 1985]); Pietro Redondi, Galileo eretico (Turin: Einaudi, 1983), (trans. Raymond Rosenthal as Galileo Heretic [Prince ton, NJ: Prince ton University Press, 1987]); Franco Ramella, Terra e telai: Sistemi di parentela e manifattura nel Biellese dell'Ottocento (Turin: Einaudi, 1984); Osvaldo Raggio, Faide e parentele: Lo stato genovese visto dalla Fontanabuona (Turin: Einaudi, 1990); Alberto M. Banti, "Storie e microstorie: l'histoire sociale contemporaine en Italie [1972 - 1989]," Genèses 3 [March 1991], pp. 134 - 147 , esp. p. 145.
  50. Grendi, "Micro-analisi e storia sociale," p. 512. Carriera di un esorcista nel Piemonte del Seicento ; Naissance d'un langage corporatif (Turin 17 e- 18 e siècles). Microhistory and the Lost Peoples of Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), p. xxii n. 7. La Gerusalemme rimandata: Domande di oggi agli inglesi del primo Novecento (Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier, 1985).
  51. Cf. Revel, "L'histoire au ras du sol," p. xxxii; and "Micro-analyse et reconstitution du social," pp. 34 - 35. Kracauer, "Of Plots, Witnesses and Judgments," in: S. Friedlander (ed.), Probing the Limits of Representation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 103. Gwyn Prins, "Oral History," in: P. Burke (ed.), New Perspectives in Historical Writing , p. 134.
  52. Levi, "On Microhistory," p. 111. " Ripensare la microstoria?" Quaderni storici , n.s., vol. 86 [1994], pp. 539 - 49.
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